A Compare And Contrast Essay of The Ravel and Annabel Lee :: essays research papers

In these 2 Gothic style poems, Edgar Allen Poe writes about the loss of his wife Virginia. He writes about how each of the narrators mourns her. In two poems, however, Virginia?s name is not stated. In ?The Raven?, the narrator mourns Lenore. In ?Annabel Lee? the narrator mourns Annabel Lee (of course). These poems are similar and different in some(prenominal) ways.?The Raven? takes on a slightly different approach that states the narrator?s loss. In ?The Raven?, there is a black foredate that comes rapping at the narrator?s chamber door. This rapping comes while he is mourning the loss of his wife ?Lenore? or Virginia. In one of the paragraphs of this poem, he refers to the bird as his friends. The raven will soon fly out of his life, just as other(a) friends have flown before. The raven can only speak one contrive ?Nevermore?. That?s the only reply the narrator gets when he asks this bird any question. This raven drives the man to insanity just like all the other stories Poe h as wrote. During his insane time, the narrator remarks the foul bird to be a ?Prophet? and a ?Thing of Evil?. The narrators final admission is that his soul is trapped below the ravens shadow and shall be lifted Nevermore.In the poem, ?Annabel Lee?, the narrator (still unnamed) mourns the loss of HIS wife, Annabel Lee. But this poem has no bird. This poem has no living creature that takes past the narrator?s wife. This poem has angels. Jealous angels. Angels that wish to break the young love of the narrator and Annabel Lee. Poe states that their love can never be broken and in death of his wife, the narrator and Annabel Lee are still entwined by the soul. They met by the side of the sea and their Annabel Lee was buried in her tomb.

Elegy to and Unfortunate Lady Essay -- essays papers

Elegy to and Unfortunate Lady In Alexander popes song Elegy to the Memory of an Unfortunate Lady, Pope uses a great amount of war-like imagery to enhance his vision of the felo-de-se described. He creates allies and enemies, weapons and invasions, as healthful as the gruesome death that only seems to come from war. These pieces add to the overall meaning of the work and the vision of the event that has occurred, giving the reader an image of a battle occurring.The first images of the war or battle are that of the victim of battle. Starting at line four and extending to line ten, I find that Pope is using a great amount of imagery to depict the womans wound and the fate upon which she has fallen. In line four he describes her wound in only three words bleeding bosom gord, but he then extends the depiction of her wound into how it was obtained. He describes the knife or the toughie that she must have used to kill herself with as a sword, which is something that would typ ically be found in battle rather than in the show window of a suicide. He also brings in the theory of the ancient Roman justice system for not just war but any crime. It is some(prenominal) greater and braver to die by your own sword than by any other. She kills herself for the simple fact that in her eyes she must be punished for benignant some one too much however, her death is the start of the real war, between Pope and the society and family that abandoned her.Pope sides with the ghost in the numbers and criticizes her family and society for her death. In line thirty he states clearly his great dislike for the uncle who he labels as Thou, mean deserter of thy brothers parentage This is an apparent line drawn between what Pope believed should have occurred and w... ... else, at least through her father or uncle, but once she died, all of her titles, wealth, peach tree and honor meant nothing. They are things that could not be carried with her in her death. The lines abo ut her becoming a big bucks of dust also fit with the image of a pass who has fallen in battle because she is a pile of dust, which all the proud shall be. Every proud soldier who dies what they believe in becomes a pile of dust just like the lady in the poem.The war imagery in Popes poem helps define and clarify the point of facet Pope has on the even that has occurred. It also gives Pope a poetic platform on which to condemn the opposite side. He uses the imagery to describe the victim of war, the way death and battle are in war, and the opposing sides of this war and why they are battling creating a new view of the womans suicide and her as a soldier for love.

DNA Analysis: Validity And Doubts :: essays research papers

desoxyribonucleic acid Criminal IdentificationValidity and Doubts deoxyribonucleic acid, although controversial on accuracy, has provided a new-fangled agency of delineateing flagitiouss where there is little physical evidence. This al down(p)s you to take a piece of hair, a spot of blood, or skin tissue and make a positive credit on a suspect. Since its first use by the FBI in December 1988 it has grown to become a major factor in criminal investigation. This new key gives them help when the crime scene lacks evidence. DNA evidence also allows detectives to narrow down suspects and keep innocent people from being prosecuted.In 1990 the FBI began victimisation of a national DNA identification index. The FBI has received over 10,000 submissions of DNA evidence from police agencies and DNA evidence has been used in over euchre cases throughout the United States. The FBI performs testing for free to all police agencies to help keep costs down in prosecuting criminals. More than 50 laboratories perform DNA analysis around the US. The chances of two people having the same DNA profile is 1 in 50,000 all the way to 1 in 5 trillion according to scientists estimates.DNA controls all our inheritable information like eye color, hair color, skin color, etc. DNA differs in all people just for identical twins. All cellular matter contains DNA this includes white blood cells, bone cells, tissue cells, spermatozoa, and hair root cells. Adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine are the building blocks of DNA strands which make up the letters of a genetic code. In certain regions of a DNA strand the sequence of genetic code is unique which allows scientists to identify an individual and exclude others.The FBI, Cellmark, and Lifecodes are the 3 major laboratories that courts accept DNA profiles from. As estimated by the FBI, the chances of two DNA samples being the same is as low as one in a trillion. Critics of DNA say that the FBI has falsely applied theories of popula tion biology behind its calculations, so courtrooms make DNA take care in entire. More than half the states have a mandatory DNA testing of all people convicted of sexual charges and violent offenses, to help in future criminal investigations. Although some people say that this is an invasion of privacy, its a good way to prosecute repeat offenders and find suspects when only DNA evidence is available. As accurate as DNA profiling is, there are still many questions about the

Glory :: Movie Film Review Glory Essays

GloryGlory captures the heroism of Colonel Robert Gould Shaw and the first blackregiment in the Civil contend, the Massachusetts trash Fifty-fourth. Anextremely talented cast and crew earned three Academy Awards (cinematography,sound and supporting actor) and five nominations for their work in Glory. Theoutstanding cinematography, sound, score and performing recreate the events leadingup to the Union attack on Fort Wagner on July 18th 1863.Matthew Broderick portrays the young Bostonian abolitionist Col. Robert G.Shaw who takes command of the Fifty-fourth, following the EmancipationProclamation. Shaw along with Cabot Forbes (Cary Elwes) leads a band of exslaves, servants and other black volunteers including a rebellious runaway slaveTrip (Denzel Washington), Shaws educated childhood friend Thomas Searles (AndreBraugher), and a former grave digger Rawlins (Morgan Freeman). Together thesemen face the adversity of a racist Union Army, struggling to prove themselvesworthy of their gover nment issued no-good uniforms.After months of training and exploitation for physical labor, the Fifty-fourth gains the opportunity to fight in an attack on Fort Wagner on the beachesof South Carolina. Poised to waste the belief that blacks would not bedisciplined under fire, the Fifty-fourth leads the almost suicidal attack on Ft.Wagner. There Col. Shaw valiantly falls and the Fifty-fourth, suffering greatlosses, displayed the courage that persuaded the Union to enlist many more blacksoldiers.Matthew Broderick delivers a noteworthy performance in the map of Col.Shaw, which Leonard Maltin calls his most ambitious part. In an interview forthe natural York Times, Broderick spoke of his method acting,The first step in preparing for the role of Robert Gould Shaw in Glorywas to try to learn as much as I could about the real person. That was by and largefrom letters, photographs, descriptions and a poem by Emerson. The thing I hadto do was bring myself into that situation. I didnt wan t to be an imitation ofwhat I thought Shaw must guard been like.Brodericks acting talent has been noted on Broadway as well as in films.Broderick won a Tony Award for his performance in Brighton Beach Memoirs in1983, a year after his film debut in Max Dugan Returns. (Maltin, 102) But it washis role as a computer hacker in War Games and his role as a handsome young teentouring Chicago in Ferris Buellers Day Off that alerted moviegoers to histalent.Denzel Washington has received critical acclaim for his role as Trip (aswell as an Oscar for Best Supporting Actor). Denzel commented on the role ofTrip in an interview with the New York Times.

The Weimar Republic :: essays research papers fc

Why did the Weimar Republic fail to stand up to national socialism? PASS NOTES.2. 1929-1933 The DepressionNAZI STRENGTHS1. What were Hitlers Talents?2. How did the party change following the Beer Hall Putsch?3. How did the party change following the Depression?The 1930s were turbulent measure in Germanys fib. World War I had go away the country in shambles and, as if that werent enough, the people of Germany had been humiliated and stripped of their pride and dignity by the affiliate. Germanys dream of becoming one of the strongest nations in the world no longer seemed to be a possibility and this caused resentment among the German people. It was clear that Germany needed some(a) type of motivation to beat up itself back on its feet and this came in the form of a charismatic man, Adolf Hitler. Hitler, a man who knew what he wanted and would do anything to get it, single-handedly transformed a weary Germany into a deadly fascist state.In order to understand why exactly Hitler wa s able to make Germany a fascist state, we must study the effects that the end of World War I had on the country. Germany was unexpended devastated and vulnerable at the end of the war. The Treaty of Versailles had left the country without a military and with a large debt that it just couldnt pay. Aside from that, it was forced to withdraw from its western territory where most of its coal and steel were located. This was a major implication for Germany because without these resources, it had no industrial growth (steel and coal are the forces behind industry), which meant that there was no money going into its economy. Without any economic schooling there was no way that Germany would be able to get out of debt. The Allies did not make any effort to help Germany during this time and left Germany to fend for itself (they seemed to be aware that this had been a mistake by the end World War II when they helped Japan out of its economic crisis this is an example of history influencing future actions). The "humiliation imposed by the victors in the World War I, coupled with the hardship of the stagnant economy," created bitterness and anger in Germany (Berlet 1). This is the reason that, when the Allies tried to establish a new government in Germany, the German people were less than eager to embrace it.

The Weimar Republic :: essays research papers fc

Why did the Weimar Republic fail to stand up to Nazism? PASS NOTES.2. 1929-1933 The DepressionNAZI STRENGTHS1. What were Hitlers Talents?2. How did the party change following the Beer Hall coup detat?3. How did the party change following the Depression?The 1930s were turbulent times in Germanys history. conception War I had left the country in scuffle and, as if that werent enough, the the great unwashed of Germany had been humiliated and stripped of their pride and dignity by the consort. Germanys dream of becoming one of the strongest nations in the world no longer seemed to be a possibility and this caused resentment among the German people. It was clear that Germany needed some type of motivation to get itself back on its feet and this came in the form of a charismatic man, Adolf Hitler. Hitler, a man who knew what he wanted and would do anything to get it, single-handedly transformed a weary Germany into a deadly fascist state.In order to understand why exactly Hitler was a ble to make Germany a fascist state, we must study the effects that the end of World War I had on the country. Germany was left devastated and vulnerable at the end of the war. The Treaty of Versailles had left the country without a military and with a large debt that it just couldnt pay. Aside from that, it was forced to withdraw from its western territory where most of its coal and steel were located. This was a major implication for Germany because without these resources, it had no industrial growth (steel and coal are the forces fuck industry), which meant that there was no money going into its economy. Without any economic development there was no way that Germany would be able to get out of debt. The Allies did not make any effort to help Germany during this time and left Germany to fend for itself (they seemed to be aware that this had been a mistake by the end World War II when they helped Japan out of its economic crisis this is an example of history influencing future a ctions). The "humiliation imposed by the victors in the World War I, united with the hardship of the stagnant economy," created bitterness and anger in Germany (Berlet 1). This is the reason that, when the Allies tried to establish a new government in Germany, the German people were less than eager to embrace it.

Inner City

1. Financial symmetrys Liquidity Ratio measure the availability of cash to lucre debt. Current Ratio = Current assets/ Current Liabilities 262,515/ 285,030= 0. 92 There is a problem meeting its short term obligations The best way to improve this balance and better position the business to cover its short-term obligations is to better manage current liabilities (accounts payables).Generate more profit (cash) out of each sale by increase profit (as long as it is competitive within the industry), reducing be of uncorrupteds sold (making the product with less cost or providing services with less costs) or finding efficiencies throughout the operating cycle. Asset Management Ratio indicate how successfully a accompany is utilizing its assets to generate revenues. Inventory Turnover= COGS/ Average roll 1,428,730/ 18,660= 76. 57 Indicate a shortage or inadequate blood levels, which may lead to a loss in business.Average days to sell the inventory= 365 days/ inventory turnover ratio 365/ 76. 57= 4. 8 Measure of the number of times inventory is sold or use in a time period (a year). A low turnover rate might point to overstocking, obsolescence, or deficiencies in the product line or marketing effort. On the other hand, a in high spirits turnover rate might indicate inadequate inventory levels, which can lead to a loss in business, as the inventory is too low (stock shortages). Receivables Turnover= Sales/ Accounts Receivable 1,784,080/ 242,320= 7. 36 A low ratio implies the company should re-assess its credit policies in order o ensure the timely collection of imparted credit that is not earning interest for the firm. Days Receivable= 365/ Receivables Turnover 365/7. 36= 49. 6= 50 The receivables turnover ratio is used to calculate how well a company is managing their receivables. Total assets turnover= Net Sales Revenue/ Average Total Assets 1,784,080/ 294,565= 6. 06 Measures the efficiency of a Co. use of its assets in generating sales revenue. Companies wit h low profit security deposits tend to have high asset turnover, while those with high profit margins have low asset turnover. Debt Management Ratio measure the firms use of Financial Leverage and ability to avoid financial distress in the long run. The use of debt can improve returns to stockholders in good years and increase their losses in bad years. Debt Ratio= Total Liabilities (Total Debt)/ Total Assets (285,030+ 15,000)/ 294,565= 1. 02 All assets argon financed by creditors and some losses are cover by creditors. Indicates the proportion of a companys debt to its total assets. It shows how much the company relies on debt to finance assets. The higher the ratio, the greater the risk associated with the firms operation.A low debt ratio indicates conservative pay with an opportunity to borrow in the future at no significant risk. Profitability Ratio represents the % of total sales that Co. retains subsequently incurring the direct costs (variable costs) associated with produc ing the goods sold. Return on Assets= Net Income/ Average Assets 17,610/ 294,565= 5. 98% Indicates that the company is asset heavy. Net Profit Margin= Net Income/ Sales Revenue 17,610/ 1,784,080= 0. 987% A high percentage of each dollar generated by the company in revenue is actual profit Gross Profit Margin= 1,784,080-1,428,730)/ 1,784,080= . 20% Indicates that gross margin isnt large enough to cover other expenses beyond cost of goods sold. Purpose of margins is to determine the value of incremental sales, and to guide pricing and promotion decision. disposition and monitoring gross margins can attend business owners avoid pricing problems, losing money on sales, and ultimately stay in business. Helps avoid offering prices that are too low or have costs that are too high to ultimately make a profit. 2. Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats Strengths Fast Service/ delivery- supplied paint to contractors within 24 hours, -Steady growth in its market, -Competitive price , -Cheap rent/ low overhead costs- gives a competitive advantage, -Cheap employee wages- nonunion organization, -Low production costs- low cost and high quality paint, -Excess mental object Weaknesses -Unorganized- operating with no management or financial controls, -Lack of arranged and reliable inventory control system, -No customer record (manual count) wastes too much time, -No office space, no billing records, no shipping information -Undesirable ocation and building is in poor condition old plant, and old equipment (dusty, dirty environment) -No sales personnel, -No computer, no database, -Inexperienced/ unskilled employees, -Lack of perpetration and employee empowerment -Narrow product line, -Bad cash flow insufficient financial resources to fund any changes, -Culture, -Lack of customer confidence customer perception as a company that negotiates price and unreliable to fill large orders. -Lag between time when they are paying their suppliers and employees versus time it ta kes to collect receivables from customers (30-60 days) Opportunities Expand product range go after different segments, -Purchasing a computer to organize data and reduce needless paperwork, -Increase market share by taking large orders, -Hiring professional salesmen to ensure consistent growth and accountants/ consultants to identify problems and solutions Lower cost of goods sold, lower expenses due to Walshs salary, and lower bad debt. Threats -Market is in slow growth- housing market and overall economy, -High negotiate power of suppliers -High threat of substitutes larger Co are more reliable Threat of new entrants,low entry barriers in paint manufacturing industry -Rumors that company is in difficult financial straits- unable to pay suppliers and owes a lot for payment on previous taxes, -No audit has been performed= IRS penalties Wash did not include his income taxes in his income story he owes $38,510 in taxes. 3. Recommendations Within 30 Days Pay his taxes before he gets audited Collect bad debt from clients Hire personnel to assist in heterogeneous tasks -Salesmen and accounting managers Grow business and solve current financial problems Within 90 Days Inner City Paint should keep records of inventory, finances, billing info. -They should raiment in a computer and keep all records in a database to automatically calculate changes. Take a cut in high salaries get down and research new suppliers -To be able to provide timely delivery for large orders Minimize COGS Beyond 90 Days Buy more equipment and trucks mend management skills and create policies Earn business of larger clients Manage business and growth of the company and to be able to acquire companies in the future that help attaining a larger market share.

Frederick Douglas Ethos Pathos Logos

Ethan Holmes Professor Hohmann ENG 101 9/25/11 Frederick Douglass is trying to persuade his interview by using number of charismatic traits, such as ethos, pathos, and logos. Douglass starts out his essay by expressing what the Fourth of July is to slaves in comparison to the rest of America What overhear I , or those I represent, to do with your national independence(Douglass 480)? Douglass has credibility because he was a slave(486).He states Fellow-citizens, above your national, tumultuous joy, I hear the mournful elegy of millions whose chains, heavy and grievous yesterday, are, to-day, rendered more intolerable by the jubilee shouts that reach them(480). If Douglass was never a slave, the quote wouldnt had been as powerful in its deliverance. Douglass uses pathos to describe an aflame event that anyone can relate to since everyone agrees that children are so innocent. Suddenly you hear a quick snap your ears are saluted with a scream, that seems to have torn its appearance t o the centre of your soul(486). Douglass is a very good writer and speaker, he does argumentative description very well. The thought of someone cruel enough to trounce the flesh off of a womans back while shes caring her baby, is chilling. Douglass uses a lot of descriptive writing mixed with pathos throughout his essay, and its astonishing how in force(p) it is.The argument itself, or logos, is slavery. Douglass illustrates his argument throughout the essay. For instance, There is not a man beneath the canopy of heaven that does not know that slavery is ravish for him(482). Again, at the end of his essay There are forces in operation which must inevitably work the downfall of slavery(487). Frederick Douglass was a master of persuasion, with ethos, pathos, and logos, in his arsenal of charisma.

Matrilineal Societies

Sociologyindex, Sociology Books 2011, lineal Descent, Patrilineal Descent Matrilineal societies argon those societies in which celestial latitude is traced through mothers rather than through fathers. In matrilineal societies, position is often passed from mothers to daughters and the custom of matrilocal compliance may be practiced. In matrilineal societies, the posterity of men are their sisters children and not their take in, who belong to their mothers matrilineage. Matrilineage is sometimes associated with polyandry or group marriage whither women have a variety of sexual partners and lines of male descent are uncertain.Ancient societies are known to have recognised matrilineal descent. Matriliny is not the mirror image of patriliny. Matrilineal societies differ from both patrilineal and zygomorphous societies in that the institution of marriage tends to be, relatively weak (Schneider and Gough 1961, Goode 1963). In a gerontocratic matrilineal society, womens influence an d prestige tended to increase with age and were usu whollyy expressed in informal settings, although there were offices of formalised informality such as mothers of matrilineages.Matriliny required the subordination of marriage and conjugal duties to loyalty to and participation in the descent group. This, combine with economic activities, farming, artisan work, and trading, gave women considerable independence. Women (like elders) had prestige in the matrilineal home town, where black stools symbolised the seat of power. (Bartle). In a matrilineal society, women generally have a greater autonomy in terms of sexuality and reproduction than their counterparts in male dominated societies. The woman in a matrilineal society represents the set and her children carry on the name of her clan.Land Inheritance and Schooling in Matrilineal Societies Evidence from Sumatra Agnes R. Quisumbing, and Keijiro Otsuka Abstract This paper explores statistically the implications of the shift from communal to personalised tenure on the distribution of land and schooling between sons and daughters in matrilineal societies, based on a Sumatra case study. The inheritance dust is evolving from a strictly matrilineal system to a more egalitarian system in which sons and daughters inherit the graphic symbol of land that is more intensive in their own work effort.While gender bias is either non-existent or small in land inheritance, daughters tend to be disadvantaged with respect to schooling. The gender kerfuffle in schooling, however, appears to be closing for the generation of younger children. capri. cgiar. org/wp/capriwp14. asp Gough, K. (1961) The modern disintegration of matrilineal descent groups, in D. M. Schneider and K. Gough (eds. ) Matrilineal Kinship, Berkeley, U. Calif. , pp. 631-54 Oppong, C. (1974) Marriage Among a Matrilineal Elite, Cambridge University Press. Matrilineal Society in India Dr.Madhumita Das When most of the people in the world follow the patril ineal system, there exist a few groups here and there who believed to be the descendants of Japheth (son of Noah), and are chase of the matrilineal system (Syiemlieh, 1994). At the global level, the existence of matrilineal society is found among the tribes of Afri dissolve countries, in some part of Southeast Asia and among three groups of India. It is the Minangkabaus of West Sumatra, Indonesia, comprising the largest ethnic group in the world who follow a matrilineal system (Tanius, 1983).In Indian context, the matrilineal social system is found only among small pockets of south the and northeast India. The Nairs and Mappilles in Kerala, the tribal groups of Minicoy Island and the Khasis and the Garos of Meghalaya are the followers of matrilineal system. However, the matrilineal system of the African countries differs considerably from that of the Southeast Asian groups. Even within India, the system differs from one group to another (Kapadia, 1966). Among these groups, differen ce is in general observed in the type of anteroom after marriage.The pattern of duo-local hearth exists among the Ashanti of the Gold Coast in Africa, Minangkhau of Sumatra and the Nayars of Central Kerala. However, the Khasis of Meghalaya, generally follow the residential pattern known as matrilocal residence, where the husband resides with his wifes matrilineal kin or in other case couples settle down together in a new residence in and around his wifes maternal place (neo-local residence). Methodology This work discusses the changes that are occurring among the only few existent matrilineal setup in the world in terms of their attitudes and behaviour.In order to discuss the changes, the existing literature has been reviewed and they are supplemented by in-depth interviews of a few key informants. The key informants include eminent academicians, elderly persons of unalike localities, local shows, social workers and persons representing the younger generation. In addition, two focus group discussions (FGD) were done with women from different age groups. The idea behind this exercise is to clearly lay those features that have been characterising the matrlineal system of the Khasi tribe these days.Along with the qualitative analysis, the profile of women living in original matrilineal arrangement as against those who have completely transited in the form of percentage distribution is also presented. A few socio-economic, demographic, and developmental characteristics of both women and her husband has been taken into consideration. Lastly, a multivariate analysis has been undertaken to substantiate the findings from bivariate analysis and to find out the factors, which brought changes among the society. Study AreaThe staple fiber aim of the study is to understand the structure of matrilineal system and the changews that has taken place in it over the period of time among the Khasis of Meghalaya. In Meghalaya there exists three tribal groups, namely Khasi, Jaintia and Garo. The state is predominantly inhabited by the Khasi tribe, who are known for their matrilineal social system. The sample design adopted was a multistage design, fitted to the study requirements. Given the resources available, it was decided to cover 600 eligible women (currently married Khasi women age 1549 years), all from (erstwhile) East Khasi Hills district.The choice of East Khasi Hills over West Khasi Hills was purely purposive. According to 1991 census, little over 33 per cent population of the East Khasi Hills district hold up in the urban areas. Thus, it was decided to cover 200 eligible women (33 per cent of 600) from the urban areas and the remaining 400 women from the rural areas. The Khasi Matriliny An Overview The term matriarchy or matriliny has set about inseparably associated with the Khasi social organisation since it was first used in 1914 by Gurdon to describe Khasi social customs (Das. Gupta, 1964).Although the term is used to explain the patte rn of residence after marriage among the Khasis, it is, however, known that matrilocal residence is not an invariable concomitant of matriarchal or matrilineal society. As among the Nayars of India, though they are also the followers of matrilineal system, the residential system among them is duolocal, where husband is usually the night visitor to their wife. Before we begin to understand the nature of Khasi social organisation, it becomes necessary, to clear that the general convention of matrilineal system is that females inherit property.However, it must be noted that at the outset the system of inheritance is governed by some code of rules, which, if taken in its totality and richness, can hardly be described as simple. In fact, the Khasi society is more complex and vivid than what is it apparent. The Khasis have matrilocal residence and matrilineal descent. society in the family religion and the common sepulchre, where bones of the members of the family are interred after dea th, are the two elements that bind the members together.Besides the matrilocal residential pattern and matrilineal descent, family property is mainly transmitted through the female line. The children of the male do not belong to the family. The youngest daughter, Ka Khadduh, in a Khasi family is in charge of the family religion. She cremates her mother and inters her bones in the common sepulchre (a place where the bones are kept with a huge stone over it which is different in shape for males and females). Marriage is a great social institution among the Khasis, as it determines the system of matrilocal residential pattern among them (Sinha, 1970).Being the followers of a unique social system of matriliny, the Khasi women enjoy a special place of status and dignity (Kyndiah, 1990). A Khasi woman is the guardian and preserver of the family goods. She plays a crucial role in the affairs of the family. However, she is not the head of the family, as this is left to a male member. The fa ther of the family has a definite role to play in the household affairs. However, his role is limited to the final enounce of the maternal uncle.When Christianity came, the Khasi family was aced with the question whether a Ka Khaduh could hold the family property if she would convert to the Christianity. In 1918, the Government ruled that Christian converts should be allowed to inherit the ancestral property. Property is therefrom divorced from religion. Though religion was divorced from the traditional rules, because of the modernisation process, such as, educational development along with the spread of Christianity, that had somehow changed the traditional system in many respect (Roy, 1964).The original system and moral efficacy has now a days been largely distorted (Bareh, 1994). The literature shows that a shift is victorious place in the matrilineal society towards parental or patrilineal one (Tanius, 1983 Syiemlieh, 1994). Syiemlieh (1994), in his write-up on the Khasis and their matrilineal system has explained that due to some basic reasons there exists a transition in the matrilineal set-up in Meghalaya. This transition in the matrilineal society is due to the changes in the overall set-up.Such changes can be the result of factors like the intermingling with other neighbouring patriarchal communities, the advent of missionaries and spread of Christianity among these tribal groups. The spread of urbanisationand urban development along with the spread of Christianity have changed the science and attitude of people among the Khasis ( Kapadia, 1966 Syiemlieh, 1994). Thus from the to a higher place review we get the idea that over time these matrilineal societies are undergoing changes in its characteristics.On the basis of the above literature, each characteristic feature has been given weightage to categorize the sample women in two groups, viz. , Traditional Women fulfilling all three criteria or those who possess at least ownership right along wit h matrilocal residential pattern or matrilocal residential pattern and descent through female. TransitionalWomen who follow none of the criteria or only descent. It is found from the above categorisation that 55 per cent of sample women are from the traditional group while the remaining 45 per cent are from the transitional group.The Traditional women will be refereed to as traditional women, whereas women in Transitional group will be referred to as transitional women. It may be relevant to mention here that these nomenclatures are used for the purpose of conceptual categorisation of these two groups of women according to their characteristics assessed at the time of survey. Yet another bed that needs to be kept in mind is that the term traditional is not used as opposed to modern.It may be accentuate that women in traditional group are the followers of all the three or the first two important characteristics of the matrilineal system, i. e. , property ownership right, matrilocal residence and/or family name through mothers side. Socio-economic and Demographic Characteristics ofWomen in Matrilineal Set-up Type of Residence Type of residence is one of the important determinants that has its doing on the changes that take place in any society, as well as, on the changing perception of people towards traditions.Women from traditional group are mostly concentrated in rural areas (79 per cent). What is, however, more interesting is that 21 per cent women following the matrilineal system live in urban areas and also close half of the women who have deviated from matrilineal system continue to live in rural areas. This indicates that the transition that we witness in Khasi society is a complex phenomenon operating(a) at family level than merely the outcome of urbanisation and modernisation process.

Human Genetic Engineering Research: Where to draw the line

Abstract Human genic engine room is the manipulation of an individuals genotype with the goal of choosing the phenotype (Singers 1). This has already been a very controversial issue when it has been d unmatched on animals, further tampering with world races takes this issue to a whole different level. It holds the promise of solidifying transmitted diseases comparable cystic fibrosis and improving the immunity of mass to viruses (Conner 4). However, it also opens up a whole new cosmos where the laws of nature can be broken.P bents can choose to change the gender of their baby they can choose to change their appearance, and they can even choose to change the mental faculties of their baby like memory and intelligence (Sanded 1). This seems like something out of a science fiction movie but with our speedily increasing technology, it is definitely more than a possibility. The patrimonial engineering of humans can be the greatest thing to ever happen to us, however, such power can lead to corruption and cause us to regress as beings. Are we trying to make the world a better place for each other or are we and devising the world more superficial or should I say artificial?Thats the main question that is asked as the intriguing issue of human genetic engineering is further evaluated. Human Genetic Engineering Where to Draw the Line Perfection is something that human beings really bearnt been able to relate to very well, but thanks to our rapidly advancing technology, that could all change. Human genetic engineering may be the breakthrough we need to tear down the walls that keep us from being perfect. However, on that point are many questions that need to be answered and things that need to be considered before we attempt to break through the walls.For instance, what if those walls are there for a reason? What if those walls arent say to be torn down? Maybe they are there to protect us from perfection or perhaps protect perfection from us. A disease-fr ee world sounds good to everyone but what rough a world where parents can actually design their own child? What if not only the sex of the baby could be chosen by parents but also the hair color, eye color, intelligence, and even their talents (Sanded 1)? This is the path that human genetic engineering is leading us to however, our main partake should be where that path go forth end.Human genetic engineering should be used only to cure diseases or other disabilities and not to the extent where we start treating human life like a computer game. We all should strive to be perfect but we should also have a certain level of honour for life and the lessons it teaches us. Otherwise our quest for perfection get out only lead us into destruction. Jacqueline Vaughn Sisters name Assistance and Treatment is about the struggle disabled people go through to fit into society. They are stereotyped as pitiful and pathetic and they are often discriminated against (Sweeter 3).There seems to be a prevailing belief in our society where people who are in need of charity are thought to be incapable of living the same life as others (Sweeter 3). Because of these beliefs and stereotypes, the procession to fully include the injure in American life made even more difficult (Sweeter 3). The disabled are a minority theme and they have fought hard to be recognized as one, however, theres no doubt that if every handicap had a choice they would choose not to be handicapped whether they were being treated equally or not.No one would miss being blind or being deaf. Thats why Sweeter, who is raising awareness for the discrimination of handicapped, would declare with the argument that the use of genetic engineering should be limited to curing diseases and disabilities. The cruelty shown towards the handicapped is the exact reason why we shouldnt allow parents to design their children. It will Just leave us with more inequality because our human nature tends not to show humility and re spect for those who are less advantaged than us.Jack Donnelley article The plan of Human Rights explains how humans can have rights naturally. Human rights are supposed to be equal rights (Donnelly 2). Therefore every human being has the same rights (Donnelly 2), but how does this work when relating to children. On one episode of the Steve Wilkes show, there was a transgender man who was upset about being born a woman because his parents decided to go through with a gender selection operation despite being told that he would have more male hormones than female hormones.So this man felt that his rights were profaned even though he was still unborn and hes right. You cant commit any human to go through a completely unnecessary procedure, so why would the rules change if theyre your own kid? Are kids not human too? Parents are supposed to make decisions for the better of their children but this was Just an act of selfishness. Donnelly would have got with the argument that genetic en gineering shouldnt be allowed to the extent that parents can design their own kids for that very reason. Its unethical, irresponsible, and potentially harmful to the child.Melvin Sooners article Genetic Enhancement Should Be Left to Personal Choice is about why human genetic engineering should be a personal choice like getting dummy implants or taking steroids (Conner 3). He argues that theres no intrinsic preference between inserting genes and inserting steroids (Conner 2). People are always finding ways to enhance life and this is Just another way to do it. He does agree, however, that the weightiest moral problem in the quest for perfection is that, it increases inequality but that doesnt mean we shouldnt complete the quest (Conner 7).Antibiotics at one point were being used irresponsibly, but the ethical path is not to stop using them but to use them more Judiciously (Conner 7). Conner would protest with the argument that human genetic engineering shouldnt be allowed to the ex tent that parents can design their babies because he takes a very liberal approach on this issue. The problem with his argument is that he fails to understand that the quest for perfection involves eliminating inequality, not increasing it.If we are increasing inequality, all were doing is backtracking on the progress weve made as human beings and thats not what we want. Michael Sandals article Genetically Designing Babies is Unethical explains why human genetic engineering shouldnt be allowed at all. He argues that changing our nature to fit the world earlier than the other way nigh is an ethical defeat and an attack on our independence (Sanded 6). He looks back at the dark history of eugenics and how it was the driving force behind the Nazi holocaust (Sanded 1).It was done to eliminate all of whom the Nazis considered as undesirables. Sanded argues that in the same way, the successful would be even more likely than they are now to see themselves as self-made and self-sufficient , and those at the bottom of society would be seen not as disadvantaged, but simply as unfit (Sanded 6). Sanded would disagree with the argument that human genetic engineering should be allowed to a certain extent because he is against the whole idea of genetic engineering. What he fails to realize in his argument is that as human beings, we have an obligation to improve our lives.If we can have a cure for the flu or for bronchitis, why not have a cure for blindness, ATA Cash disease, or any other sickness or disability that doctors can do nothing about? Human genetic engineering should only be allowed for use in the medical field to cure diseases and disabilities and not to the point where human life becomes a game. Genetic engineering is a scientific concern, but without boundaries t becomes a moral concern. Life is the most sacred thing anyone can have and it needs to be approached with cautiousness and respect.It is also a great teacher and one of the main lessons it tries to t each us is humility. Humility involves accepting others for who they are and plays a key role when it comes to our relationships. When you pretend about what really matters in life, family and relationships with others tend to come up first which is really no coincidence. The purpose of life seems to be to lift up those around us and genetically designing babies will do the exact opposite of that. Parents who would choose to do this are doing it for cynical and selfish purposes.They are taking the childs freedom away so they can satisfy their own desires and out of those desires will come corruption. Thats why a line needs to be drawn about to what extent human genetic engineering can be used. With great power comes great responsibility, so this is something we really cant afford to play around with. If genetic engineering to cure diseases becomes almost accessible as the flu shot, we will be that much closer on our quest to perfection. One day we will get through that all, but its going to take one brick at a time.

Analysis Paper

Justice Waite Professor Cherry Eng 111 Analysis Final drawing off Can squirrels re every last(predicate)y plot? Have you ever been driving down the road and have nearthing bad happen to you that you have to slam on the breaks? If you have, thence maybe you can relate to the following moneymaking(prenominal). Even if you have never had this happen to you, you still might be able to relate to it. The basic composition of the technical is that no matter what happens in life, that you should always be prepargond for what to do next. GEICO is not just car insurance, but they can be your friend.First of all I would same to start of this essay by telling you what my commercial is about. The commercial that I chose to write my paper on was a GEICO commercial. There ar lots of commercials out there for car insurance, but I think this one is the best. When we first see this commercial on the television, they start it off by showing you a squirrel sitting on a tree stump. This stump is b y the side of the road near the woods. The squirrel is also eating a nut, small-arm we hear the birds chirping. About half way into the commercial, the squirrel jumps down from the stump and tries to cross the road.As the squirrel crosses the road, he sees a station wagon coming down the road. He than clams in front of the car and just stands there and waits for the car to hit him. Instead of the car hitting him, it swerves off the side of the road. As we hear crashing sounds from the car, another(prenominal) squirrel comes onto the road next to the other squirrel. As the car is crashing the two squirrels start pounding their fists together as if he made the car crash on purpose. Then the narrator says Accidents can happen anytime. Thats why GEICO is here 24 hours a day, every day. By looking closer at what this commercial is authentically saying, then we can understand it punter. Because this commercial was on the USA channel, during the new episode of White Collar it can help u s better to figure out who GEICO is really trying to target with it. Seeing as how all Americans watch the USA channel, it is best to conquer that GEICO is trying to target peck in their late twenties and above. We can assume this because a majority of American families watch this channel. By looking closer at what this commercial is really saying than we can understand it better.Because this commercial was on the USA channel, during the new episode of White Collar it can help us. By putting this commercial on during a well watched television series is a great way to uphold a product. This commercial is also very funny to some people. By making it this way, GEICO hopes to attract people with great personalities, and that are rather funny to be around. Comedy is always a great way to promote a product. Because GEICO references that these two squirrels are buddies, they make this commercial very entertaining to watch.Everyone knows that squirrels run across the road into traffic al l the time, that is why this commercial is so great to watch. GEICO makes it seem like all that squirrels do all day is plot how to get cars into accidents. Even though what they really do is try to match nuts all summer for winter time. Then GEICO makes it seem like once they actually achieve this scheme of making the cars go off the road, that they are bright and pound it with each other. This makes it fell like when two young kids are playing together.If they are both boys, then we can definitely assume that they are up to no good and trying to plot to do something very bad. When they achieve what they are up to, then they both are happy and pound each others fists. Even though we all know that squirrels cant really plot with each other, the idea of it just makes it simply funny and easier to change car insurance. Ive already told you what I think this essay is about, and who the targeted audience is, so now its time to talk about the boilers suit idea of this commercial.In m y opinion the overall idea of this commercial is that, no matter where you are or what happens, you should always be prepared for the unexpected. You could be driving down the road just like the guy was in this commercial, and have the same thing happen to you. If you are not prepared though, something bad could very well happen to you. Like sacking off the side of the road (in this guys pillow compositors case) and crashing your car. If you dont have car insurance in this case, then you are going to be screwed.Or take for use something else like, you are on your way home for work after a long night and your house is on fire. What do you do in this case? You cant run inside of this flaming building and expect to get all of your things back. That is why you pick out to always be prepared and ready in case anything like this would ever happen, like having home owners insurance. Not everything though in life is always about insurance. It is just better to prepared for the unexpecte d than be screwed when it happens.In conclusion, car insurance is not just another thing that you need to buy just because it is the law. Car insurance can be helpful in the most unexpected situation that will ever happen. GEICO tries to tell us this by basically using a metaphor. That they can be your friend when you need them the most. Just like a real life friend, but they use squirrels and a station wagon to get this point across. I hope by the time that you read this last sentence that you will understand this commercial better now. The way that I do, maybe you might even laugh a little bit like I did.

Watershed Management

Society and Polity 2010 peeingshed Management A Hope for sustainable Development Table of limit Watershed2 Integrated Watershed Management2 Categorization of Watersheds2 Need for Watershed Management3 Characteristics of Watershed Management3 Successful role of Watershed counselling in Maharashtra3 Approaches/methods use for peoples troth4 Persuasion4 Gandhian Approach4 Creation of a common platform4 Selfless leadership5 Identification of the most pressing common problem5 Achievements at Ralegan Siddhi5 -Watershed Management A Hope for Sustainable Development Watershed A Watershed is defined as a topographically delineated geographical atomic number 18a in which the entire run-off tends to converge, through the quick drainage system, to the common outlet of the area for subsequent disposal. In other words, a watershed is an independent drainage unit. Integrated Watershed Management It is the make for of creating and implementing plans, programs, and projects to sustain and en hance watershed functions that affect the plant, animal, and human communities within a watershed boundary Categorization of WatershedsWatersheds are categorized on the basis of the side by side(p) criteria * Based on Size Based on size, the watersheds can be classified into micro, mini and large watersheds. The watersheds with area less than 500 ha are called as micro watersheds. The watersheds with area more than 500 ha but less than 2000 ha are called as mini watersheds. The watersheds with area more than 2000 ha are called as large watersheds. * Based on Drainage Based on drainage, watersheds can be classified into drains and streams. Drains refer to the smaller water impart whereas streams refer to the larger water channels. Based on Shape Based on shape, watersheds can be classified into two types namely fan- do and fern-shaped. Fan shaped watersheds are those which are circular or nearly circular in shape. Fern shaped watersheds are those which are e wantated in shape. * Bas ed on different Criteria Watersheds can also be classified according to other factors viz. altitude (high watersheds and flat watersheds), moisture content (arid watersheds and wet watersheds), type of soil (black-soil watersheds and red-soil watersheds), and so on Need for Watershed ManagementWatersheds are an asset and therefore they need to be managed properly so that we are able to utilize them in the eld to come. They act as a source of water for the people living in and around watershed areas. They do in maintaining the nutrients of the soil, thereby patronageing the agriculture sector to give a sustained yield. They also act as a good source of irrigation for the fields throughout the year. Since they support vegetation, they also help in reducing soil erosion as the roots of the vegetation hold together the top layer of the juicy soil.They also help in the development of the forests as they act as good source of water for the forest flora and fauna. Objectives * Water has multiples uses and must be managed in an integrated way. * Water should be managed at the lowest appropriate level. * Water allocation should take account of the interests of all who are affected. * Water should be recognised and treated as an economic good. Strategies * A long term, viable sustainable future for basin stake holders. * Equitable access to water resources for water users. The application of principles of demand management for efficient utilisation. * Prevention of further environmental degradation (short term) and the restoration of degraded resources (long term). Characteristics of Watershed Management * Allowing an adequate supply of water that is sustainable over some(prenominal) years. * Maintains water quality at level that meets government standards and other social water quality objectives. * Allows sustainable economic development over the short and long term. Successful case of Watershed management in Maharashtra Development fundamentally refers to hum an beings.It should be a human experience to meet peoples physical, mental and stimulated aspirations and potentials, not just in economic terms but should also lead to a sense of self-sufficiency and fulfilment. Ralegan Siddhi, often termed as an oasis of greenery surrounded by dry and bare hilly tracts is a unique example of transformation from poverty to plenty and a living model of peoples participation in natural resource management in a watershed. Ralegan Siddhi is a small closure with an area of 982 ha in Parner county (taluka) of Ahmadnagar district, Maharashtra, India.It is a drought-prone and resource scant(p) area with annual rainfall ranging between 50-700 mm and temperature varying between 28C and 44C. The liquidation is surrounded by small hillocks on the northeast and southern sides. The land is undulating and slopes vary from 3-15%. The 1991 Census enumerated a population of 1,982 living in 310 households (presently estimated to be around 325). The sex-ratio bei ng 902 females per 1,000 males (1,029 in 1971 1,013 in 1981). The go on decrease in the ratio is explained as the return of male folk to the village with improvement in the socio-economic conditions of the village.Backward classes (scheduled castes and scheduled tribes) constitute only 14. 23% of the bestow population. Marathas of Khatri caste out-number other castes and constitute nearly two-third of the families. Among others are the backward castes including Mhar, Chamar, Bharhadi, Pardi, Sutar, Barber, Fishermen, Matang etc. By 1975, prior to intervention by Mr. Anna Hazare, the village had become quite ill-famed with all sorts of social evils, moral down fall and with badly shattered economic conditions. In general, the village presented the profile of a poverty-stricken and debt-ridden society.Scarcity of water was headstone to distress which limited the prospects of agriculture. The water table was below 20 m, most of the wells used to dry up during summer and the drinkin g water had to be fetched from the neighbouring villages. The high rate of surface run off, due to high degree of slope and lack of vegetational cover had washed away the top fertile layer of the soils. Barely 20 ha of the village area was under irrigation. As a consequence the agricultural production was too meagre to support and sustain the livelihoods of the people particularly the resource poor farmers.Not even 30% of the food grain requirements could be met from rain-fed mono-cropping practised in the village. Approaches/methods used for peoples participation The approaches/methods used by him for the participation of farmers in natural resource management works are highlighted below. Persuasion First of all, Anna went through a careful envisioning of the deteriorating spotlight in village life and decided to initiate through religion-moral undercurrent by persuading the people for reconstruction of Sant Yadava Baba temple.But he failed to impress and influence the people at large, primarily because the people were too busy with their own business and the worldly affairs. Gandhian Approach The second step was to set up examples by self-practising earlier than mere preaching as Mahatma Gandhi used to do. Initially it went on unnoticed but in due course it gathered momentum. Particularly, he tried to formulate the youths of the village under Tarun Mandal (youth organization). Besides, participation from all the sections of society was ensured and encouraged.Creation of a common platform Keeping all the differences and disparities aside, a common platform and meeting kingdom was created in the form of Sant Yadav Babas temple. People started sitting in groups during evenings and discussing about the affairs of the village and common concern. Thus, the process of friendship, cooperation and communication started. Selfless leadership Anna himself invested all the funds he had (Rs. 20,000) for purchasing building materials for the temple before asking othe rs to contribute. Identification of the most pressing common problemThe main reason of disintegration, division and distress of the village society was the lack of a sound livelihood support system. The economy of the village was agrarian and shortage of water for irrigation was the major constraint to its development. Thus, assured accessibility of water was collectively identified as the top priority in a meeting of villagers. Achievements at Ralegan Siddhi Successful abolition of social evils like alcoholism, dowry, turpitude and the caste system. These changes paved the way for positive steps to development.Regeneration of watershed resources through peoples participation, a living example of watershed development and management. Development of agriculture and associate sectors by better farming practices and cropping patterns, judicious use of water by introducing drip irrigation system, yield enhancement etc. as a result the village where nearly three-fourth population was below poverty line, has become self sufficient and is surplus in food grains, today. Conclusion * Improving agricultural productivity. * Improving vegetative covers. * Increasing fodder & food availability. Reducing soil erosion & nutrient loss. * Improve water availability of surface & launchwater. * Enhancing quality of life among local communities.The case study shows the success of Gandhian approach to peoples participation in watershed management. Since 1975, this has resulted into participation of all the 325 village families, renovation of a temple, stopping illicit hard liquor distillation, water harvesting in 4 small watersheds, construction of many check dams, plantation of five hundred thousand forest trees, controlled grazing, raising of ground water level rom 20 m depth to 6. 5 m, sale of onions worth Rs. 80 million in 1995 alone (exchange rate in June 1995 1 US$ = Rs. 31. 3), solar street lights, village toilets, biogas, organic farming, introduction of livestock, a full high school, institutionalization of decision making at village prevarication level, local voluntary organizational capacity building, acceptance and application of voluntary code of conduct, formation of different action committees, etc. References

Loreal Company Background

Company Background Fresh out of a French chemical engineering school, young entrepreneur Eugene Schueller developed a whisker dye with hues hairdressers throughout Paris couldnt resist. The one-product venture he launched in 1909 has since grown into the worlds largest cosmetics confederation LOreal. LOreal began its worldwide expansion during the second half of the 20th Century, and now offers hair care, hair color, skin care, makeup, and fragrances in 130 countries.Its 23 brands include pharmacy staples LOreal, Garnier, and Maybelline, as well as upscale brands Yves Saint Laurent, Redken, and the Kiehls skin care line. LOreal recently expanded its produce suite by acquiring the dermatologic beauty care brand Skinceuticals in 2005, and retail store The Body Shop the following year. Today, the company employs more than 65,000 people in eight depart manpowerts operations, finance, information systems and technology, marketing, business and sales, communication, human resources, as well as research and development.More than 2,900 specialists work in LOreals R&D department, which studies skin and hair and uses its findings to develop safer and more effective products to enhance beauty and protect skin. The R&D specialists working in the companys 18 research centers collapse backgrounds in 30 fields, including chemistry, biology, medicine, physics, physical chemistry, and toxicology. LOreal develops more than 3,000 new formulas per year. LOreals commitment to diversity, integrity, responsibility and respect for people and the environment earned it a point on Ethisphere Magazines rankings of the worlds most ethical companies in 2007.Its products reflect a commitment to serving the needs of diverse populations, including men and African Americans. In 2001, the company launched Mizani, a hair care brand developed specifically for unique ethnic hair types. For corporate social responsibility, the company has enacted several community and environmental programs, f rom providing employment opportunities to disabled students in Taiwan to reducing water and energy usage at factories around the world to creating an human immunodeficiency virus/AIDS support and education program for employees in South Africa.

Bartolomé de Las Casas Human Rights Missionary

Bartolome de Las Casas was one of the pioneers and a champion of human rights in the or so critical period of history. The context of his presence needs a deeper understanding. The Spanish Inquisition or the Crusades were justified as a sanction granted by God. The natives were seen as uncivilized beings and the only direction to tame them was by using brutal force.The genocide of the natives by the Spanish Inquisition resulted in some(prenominal) tribes erased without a trace. The natives referred by Bartolome da Las Casas were only to name a few.The significance of Las Casas was his ability to push the integrity and piddle m all inhuman authorities removed from the Council. Under such pretext, it would be unfair to engagement modern day judgment to criticize Las Casas. This paper establishes that Las Casas, given his time that he lived in and the cordial of family that he was raised in, was justified in his manner of referencing to the natives. The world has not become a in terrupt place and our modern understanding of human rights and the violation of human rights, at least as expressed by the UN stems from the views of Las Casas.The historical context explicitly implies that Las Casa himself was from an upper class family who then subsequently had the power to discuss in favor of the natives. Las Casas was himself gifted with Juanico, a Taino youth for a servant when he was a piddling boy. So for a man of his stature who belonged and had the luxury of the oppressor, was willing and believed he could stop the evil. He had the capitulum of the courts who were the decision makers. Although his supplications were met with heavy criticism, he was determined to stop the brutality towards the natives.As far as the wealth was brought in, and exhibited in Spain from the New World, people were d stark(a)n towards it and were completely blind to the atrocities committed by them, and to make things worse, they were any do in the name of religion. Under suc h pretext who would have been a better person to chastise than a seminarian. The setting is a world where the masses atomic number 18 mesmerized by wealth and are willing to do anything to get their hands on it. This very thought and behavior is against the very spiritual belief that the colonizers practiced to massacre the natives.Hence it is understandable if Las Casas is isolated in terms of being the only person who despite his disposition took the risk of condemning and putting his own feel on the line to express for the voiceless. Over and over the attitude of Las Casas is foc utilise only on his description of the natives, whose plight is all the more pitiful, because of the brutal behavior of the colonizers. When he is describing the natives as gentle beings, it highlights their state of helplessness in comparison to the demonic behavior of the colonizers.God has created all these numberless people to be quite the simplest, without malice or duplicity, most obedien t, most faithful to their natural Lords, and to the Christians, whom they serve the most humble, most patient, most peaceful and calm, without strife nor tumults not wrangling, nor querulous, as free from uproar, hate and desire of revenge as any in the world. . . . From a seminarian perspective, the natives are the humble sheep possessed of Christian virtues and the sinners are the Christian colonizers. The description of the natives is in stark contrast to the description of the colonizers.The Christians, with their horses and swords and lances, began to slaughter and practice strange cruelty among them. They penetrated into the country and spared neither children nor the aged, nor pregnant women, nor those in child labour, all of whom they ran through the body and lacerated, as though they were assaulting so galore(postnominal) lambs herded in their sheepfold. Hence Las Casas urge to return up the cause of the voiceless natives to the highest authority possible, the royalty, po rtrays him as a humanitarian by nature and an un-ordained barrack of human rights.It is true that he suggested to bring slaves from Africa as opposed to making slaves of the natives, and he later repented when he saw that the treatment of the slaves were just as bad. He later regretted when he had to witness the stone-cold blooded violence that the Africans were subjected to, and repented. Though his repentance had no impact on the brutal nature of the colonizers, he is the only one of his time publically known to have repented without himself having inflicted any pain on any human being. The rest of the inquisitors took pride in what they did.In a world where the natives and Africans were seen as deformed or rudimentary or uncivilized human beings, Las Casas addresses them as people. Bartolome de Las Casas reports first hand of the cruelty in its raw graphic nature to evoke sympathy in the eyes of the decision makers. For most part colonizers have been successful in erasing the past of the colonized but Las Casas did not let that happen. It is his record of what he witnessed that makes a significant mile stone in the history of human rights.Among these gentle sheep, gifted by their manufacturer with the above qualities, the Spaniards entered as soon as soon as they knew them, like wolves, tiger and lions which had been starving for many days, and since forty years they have done nothing else nor do they afflict, torment, and destroy them with strange and new, and divers kinds of cruelty, neer before seen, nor heard of, nor read of. . . . . The Language used to describe the native is a surface level issue given the fact that Las Casas was an ordained priest and a colonist. But he set himself up as an example by denouncing encomienda.He also suggested peaceful co-existence between colonists and the natives which was implemented and successful until the colonizers could not discontinue from provoking the natives. Hence it is completely unfair to overlook all of Bartolome de Las Casas efforts towards safeguarding natives over words that depict them as inferior to the Europeans. Had Las Casas not spoken for them, more people would have fallen victims to the genocide. It is not the language but the content of the text that should be the focus, since it is filled with compassion and evokes sympathy through the painful description of torture.Also, his life was constantly under threat yet he was willing to walk the line for the cause he believed in, until the massacre stopped. Bartolome de Las Casas, can be isolated for his efforts to stop human rights violation but not to be judged over the language he used. He could be given the benefit of doubt that he used humble descriptions to invoke sympathy from a prejudiced court. Works Cited American Taino, Commentary from the perspective of a American Latino. http//americantaino. blogspot. com/2007/10/bartolom-de-las-casas-witness-to-evil. html

Barilla Spa – Executive Summary

executive SUMMARY glasswort SpA, worlds largest manufacturer of alimentary paste based in Italy is experiencing extreme requisite disagreement resulting to operational inefficiency and increased cost. To combat the key issues stated my decision is to implement the Just In Time dissemination (JITD). This new system, contrary to current system kelpwort has will eliminate Bullwhip put up and ancestry outs by having centralize information, on that point will be data transpargonncy between glasswort and distributors.Distributors will provide actual sales data which will be the basis of forecasting and ware thus increasing in efficiency in operation and everyeviating old-hat out among distributors. JITD will lead-in to improved supplier-customer relationship which in the long run can be perceived as a win-win situation. Internal resistance coming from Sales and Marketing will be resolved by involving the line of longitude management and by presenting the benefits of the JITD in figures and by emphasizing that role of Sales team in JITD is of rife to the implementation.External resistance will be combated by thorough discussion presenting the long term benefits of all parties involved. execution of instrument of JITD as soon as possible will position Barilla on even stronger pasta producer and will potentially increase growth rate of the company resulting from increased business efficiencies and decrease cost. Barilla can drive home a pilot run on the DO (Distribuzione Organizzata) where sales representatives functions are dominant, sales representatives are one of the key factors on the success of JITD implementation.Weekly meeting between Barilla and DO will pass on to take place for couple of months upon implementation to monitor its status. ISSUE IDENTIFICATION A. fast Issue Because Barilla is facing extreme variability in require hebdomad by week which causes operational inefficiencies, mellowed armoury and stock outs, Maggiali is fighting for the implementation of Just In Time Distribution (JITD) system despite of the internal objection from Sales and Marketing team and external resistance from distributors. B.Systemic Issues scurvy Forecasting system temper StrategicTiming Short term & Long term Most distributors like GDs and res publica check arsenal levels and place rigs with Barilla once per week use simple periodic review. They do not follow any forecasting model they just do replenishment ordering without stripped-down/maximum quantity. Barilla has no visibility on actual data, their basis of deed is per distributors information per week and this causes pressure on manufacturing & distribution team of Barilla. Too many SKUs & High level of inventory Nature StrategicTiming Long term & Short term On dry products alone, Barilla offers 800 SKU. Pasta is made in 200 different shapes and size of its and has more than 470 packaged SKUs. Typically distributors carry 150SKU out of 800 SKUs Barilla leaving high inventory on the CDC. There is high level of inventory across the chain overall there is about 2 months of inventory on the entire supply chain at any disposed(p) metre. Frequent Trade Promotion leads to Bulk Ordering Nature Tactical Timing Short termBarilla has 10-12 rag period which each corresponding to a promotional program. During the canvass distributor can buy as much as he wants in order to avail the promotion and this is welcomed by sales representatives because their incentive is dependent on achieving sales goal for that canvass period. Barilla also offers volume discount and merchant vessels discount in full truck load order quantities. The situation leads to bulk ordering which causes demand fluctuation. Long Lead time Nature StrategicTiming Long term and Short termDistributors place order to Barilla once per week simply using simple periodic review system and lead time is eight to fourteen days, due to long lead time distributors either order high inventory or i t results to stock out at distributors customer. ENVIRONMENTAL & ROOT CAUSE summary Barilla is the largest manufacturer of pasta in the world, making 35% of all pasta sold in Italy and 22% of all pasta sold in Europe. However, Barilla suffers from Bullwhip effect due to huge variability in demand that resulted to operational inefficiencies such as increased cost on transportation, distribution & inventory. stock out (see exhibit 1). On the production itself the set up are very specific, the company is unable(predicate) of meeting fluctuating demand because they consider sequential production to avoid huge set up cost. When demand fluctuates manufacturing and distribution team experience too much pressure. Barilla has complex distribution front end of multiple intermediaries slows down the delivery lead time to ultimate customer. Carrying too much variety on dry products, 800 SKUs also leads to long production lead-time because they maintain sequence of production based on size an d shape of pasta to reduce set up cost.Stock out occurs due to the fact that distributors maintain only 2 weeks inventory and delivery lead time from CDC is 8-14days. On table below it is evident that stock can happen in DC/DO level because 2 weeks delivery lead-time and maintaining 2 weeks inventory on the shelf. Price changes due to promotions and incentives cause demand fluctuation as well. Barilla has no visibility on what is happening in reality with the flow of their products in the marketplace. Barilla lacks centralized information and civilize forecasting capability and because of this bullwhip effect occurs ( see exhibit 2).Due to severe fluctuation in demand Barilla is pushed to increase the buffer of finished goods to avoid stock out and this only means increase in raw materials inventory, carrying cost, transportation cost and production cost which is detrimental to the growth of the company. Since Barillas production is based on input of distributors, Barilla in the l ong run may lose the market share if distributors find that other brands are selling more and decide to carry competitors product instead.Lack of knowledge on the actual sales data on the market will have a negative effect on Barilla it has to establish smooth business relationship with all the supply chain channels and not only with the distributors. . RECOMMENDATION From my overall analyses given the facts presented I strongly recommend to proceed with option number 1- to implement JITD. Reason is because thru JITD Barilla will have the centralized information and will have access to actual sales information which they will be using to plan procurement of raw materials, production, logistics , safety stock , inventory accordingly .Also, thru JITD Barilla will have a chance to establish good supplier-customer relationship with the distributors and even with the supermarkets, this is very critical in run successful business. Barilla will have the control of production and not base d on the order of distributor. Ultimately Bullwhip effect will be managed. First phase would be to implement with the DO because of the forepart of sales representatives on the area. It would be so much easier to implement the plan since sales representatives of Barilla often spends 90% of the time in DO.

Analysis of The Shifting Heart, by Richard Beynon Essay

Thesis In The Shifting Heart, the playwright Richard Beynon conveys ideas and representations of Australian identity through the use of narrative techniques, especially dialogue and characterisation. Each character represents an aspect of Australian society in the 1950s that Beynon perceives to be true. 1st published in 1960. Set in 1956. NUTSHELL-1. non accepting of other cultures Abuse a furtherst Gino and failed assimilation halfway between identities. Cultural heritage is important in establishing identity -Through the characterisation of Gino, Beynon shows the rejection of Australians towards immigrants and other cultures. - scallywag 95 Australian citizenship Certificate shows the public opinion Gino had that he had been accepted into Australian society. Momma This we gotta put in a frame, he says. It means something to him. Constant beatings he receives at the dancing hall show that he is not accepted, as well as Barry shoving in the way in line He tries to put his load str aight on the scales- before us, so I told him Clarry You shouldnta told him ( varletboy 27). Eventual death of Gino via the beatings shows the extreme racism and prejudice in Australia during the time of production. -Assimilation is encouraged to fit in-He tried to assimilate into Australian society, Pg 34 Clarry. If hes Australian, or and then continues on rascal 35 Maria. Italian? (Pressing hard) What if hes between the two?2. The play explores the systemic racism that exists inwardly Australian society and portrays the justice system as asymmetrical and discriminatory -Throughout the play it is evident that racism is widespread and commonly used, with the people supporting immigrants organism the minority. -After the death of Gino, it is evident that the law system is corrupt and that racism is systemic. -Detective Lukie- Boss is looking to promote him if he successfully pins the fight on the dead Gino. Page 69 rank is Detective sergeant (high ranking). Corrupt- makes assumpt ions, takes one side of the story of the Australian, All I receive are the facts, page 73.Biased and racist Witness girl saw it all unfold page 96 the girl Gino was fall ining on Italians side Lukie And we found a girl, too arranged to meet him in the foyer. Saw most of it happen, she says- Police still confident Gino wasto blame -Page 97 Clarry Why the swap of face, eh? After promotion? Lukie Im happy. (Pause.) But i got a boss with ambitions. Clarry talking to Lukie more or less Momma going to inquest She remembers, she forgets what the hell difference will it make? Knows whatever happens Gino will be declared guilty of drunken violence3. A societies attitudes towards a minority race can be changed when they gain a greater understanding of the people aligned with that race rather than basing their judgment on stereotypes Reflects upon the belief that racism is taught rather than inherited or natural Clarry represents this thesis, connotations of the title refer to him -Repr esented as a emblematic Aussie bloke, ie could obviously manage without help in a fight, page 20. In reference to Barry, the moment metal collector who pushes in line in front of Gino, Clarry reasons that Because hes an older man, thats why. He was in this game before you were even in this country. Rugged man of 36, page 20 Start of the novel Clarry loves Maria but doesnt want to be acknowledged as being related to Bianchis. Maria when hes introduced Gino to people, but never once did he call him his brother-in-law page 77 He isnt violent but he still has aspects of racism Refer to intercourse with Lukie about Gino being guilty, he sticks up for them Challenges authority figures and calls their kid GinoBut last night-it clicked for me. I dunno I felt sort of approximate stereotype emotion, shows side4. Alcohol is needed to have a good time and celebrate (Clarry and Donny) and the violence etc from it (misusing alcohol) -Donny Pratt Represents alcoholism in Australia. (Leila bur sts from the house with a ottle of beer and glasses) Here quick, to stiff its head. Clarry (And he wrenches the top from a bottle.) Here, Pop, grab yourself a lifeboat and hop inta that, page 48. Reference to getting drunk, farewell of Aussie lifestyle. He is working class. Expresses the overlooking of domestic violence at the time. How can I a stimulate you if I dont remember? Page 88 Naturalised violence.

Mapping Channel Flows in the Music CD industry

In the harmony CD industry, the choice of the efficient market polity is ace of the crucial factors in the success of the particular brand. CDs are one of low-down-involvement products which asshole be bought by the customers out of the large selection. In swan to be successful, e genuinely particular manufacturing business in the music industry has to define the marketing mix of the product which allow ins product, price, promotion, and place. While the head start 3 components of marketing mix are really grievous, the last one which is place seems to catch all of the 4 Ps.Place is a actually complex component of marketing mix because it includes much(prenominal) important areas of marketing as decisions about channels, logistics, retailing, customer support and many other issues. The right choice of distri aloneion policy and channels are very(prenominal) important for the success of the maker, and those aspects brush asidenot be neglected.The easiest way for the producer to look at the products to the lowest customers is by direct selling. The dialog between the supplier and the buyer is the easiest way in which the product locoweed be purchased. However, well-nigh industries do not have such a luxury. It becomes inefficient for the producer to sell items directly to the customer, and he gives those functions to all types of intermediaries. In most cases, complex industries have a whole reach of intermediaries which bring the product to the end-user. This system of distribution represents a kind of a channel through which from the producer to the first intermediary and from the first intermediary to all others one by one product, wagess, and information precipitate are channeled.Whenever the chain is very long, its obvious that both member in the chain, as hale as the end-user has his specific unavoidably, which all have to be taken into account by the producer. Its very important to make sure that the information flow through t he channel does not break. The more intermediaries in that location are between the producer and the end-user, the more complicated the relationships inside the channel become, and more attention has to be paid by the producer so that the persona of the product remains high as in the very beginning of the chain. CDs industry deals with rights on a particular part of property, thusly its very important to note the chain of suitable distributors which provide the highest quality of the music disgrace companies products.The most widely-used forms of channels of distributions used by the companies include the followingv Selling direct (with the patron of salesforce)v Mail sound out (including telephone sales)v Retailerv Wholesalerv promoter (who acts on the behalf of the producer) (Mercer, 467)In order to maintain the quality of the production, its necessary for the producer to keep whatever pick up over the members of the distribution channel. Most music render companies pay close attention to that. Once the sway is entirely lost, it king be hard for the producer to monitor the sales and the quality. The most efficient body structure is when the producer structures the distribution channel by himself. Depending on what market the producer is in, this issue touches him in a different way. For example, when the producer produces mass consumer goods and in that location are many competitors in the market offering the like type of product, its not that important for the producer to control all the distributors who offer his product.The producers goal is to increase the number of distributors offering his product because he wants to have a large repair of the market. In the opposite case, when the goods produced by the lodge have some unique features and the company competes with competitors mostly in quality, it has to take responsibility over the quality of the products which it offers and may suffer losses if the quality of the products end-users r eceive is low. Therefore, the producer go out very much care in such a case about the quality of the goods which are offered to the end-users, and do his best to determine only very reliable distributors of his production in order to have a tight emphasize on quality. The mentioned approaches which can be used by the producer in the distribution policy therefore include1. Intensive distribution2. Selective distribution3. pocket distribution.In the case of the intensive distribution, the main emphasize is made on the number of distributors selling the companys product. The price competition is evident in such a case and quality of all the exchangeable goods offered in the market is pretty much the same.Selective distribution means that the producer selects suitable distributors to re-sell the product. Those distributors who have a good reputation get a chance to sell the companys products. The selection can be quite wide, and the producer in such a case in not very concerned abo ut the top quality of the products which he is offering. Exclusive distribution is common in such fields where companies offer products with unique characteristics and the main point of the marketing policy of the company is offering goods of the highest quality. all little detail of the product is important in such a case.Therefore, companies choose a very limited selection of distributors who will be re-selling their product in order to maintain the highest quality. The main partners of the company in the distribution channels include such establishments as specialty outlets, supermarkets, department stores, and discount outlets. strong suit outlets have a narrow product line (Mercer, 473). For example, in fashion industry specialty outlets rail at women of a specific age group with a specific taste. such(prenominal) distributors offer a greater degree of personal service and usually the selection of products for the targeted group of customers is very large.Supermarkets can be characterized by the following principles self-service and self-selection displays centralization of customer services large scale a strong price emphasize a broad assortment of merchandise. The most famous supermarkets include Sainsbury, Tesco, Wal-Mart, and others. Department stores cover a large variety of products in different departments of the stores and offers great competition for supermarkets. Examples of department stores include Boots, mark & Spencer, British Home Stores. Discount outlets specialize in a high turnover at low address. They usually specialize in products of one field and get a 30-day credit from their suppliers. For example, they include Dixons in consumer electronics/electrical MFI in furniture.A major feature of the distribution channel is that there is a pass judgment-add of every direct of channel. Just as the product and information are channeled from one direct of the channel to another, the value is also added at every level step by step. For e xample, in the music industry, the value is first added by the manufacturer who makes the music label, then the CDs are passed to distributors, sometimes on a couple of levels until they reach the customer. At every level, the value is added because more companies participate in the process.The manufacturer is the one who owns the music label and therefore is the main player in the game. He adds the most value to the product, which consists of the cost of production and the profit. However, without the distributors the CD would not be able to get the end-users, so at every level of the channel new value is added to the primary product. The first level of distributors can be wholesalers, the second level can consist of retailers. Therefore, value is added at 3 levels until it reaches the end-user.In the music industry, the efficiency of channel members is very high. Companies producing CDs pay close attention to the distributors who specialize in selling CDs and for the most part, th ose channels fall into the category of selective distribution. The channel distribution in the music industry is very complex due to the characteristic features of the industry. Nowadays, there are many companies which produce CDs (give the music label) and there are many customers in the market who are willing to buy those CDs. For example, Sony Records, Inc. is one of the leaders in the music industry production.However, it faces some competition in the market. Customers can give gustatory sensation to CDs produced by other companies as well. Therefore, every music record company needs to make sure there are many distributors who are brining CDs to the end-users and also maintain high quality of the product. The distributors in the music industry include music stores which deal with CDs in particular, supermarkets where one can also find this product, and net profit distributors which specialize in music CDs. The chain of distributors is quite large in the music industry. Its ve ry important for music record companies to provide the highest quality of their musical CDs.One of the reasons of the need in high quality is that nowadays music record companies face sharp competition from the Internet. It has become very simple for people who are sore of music to download music files from the Internet, and they no longer need to go into the music stores in order to get the CDs. The files which people can download from different sites are free of charge, and no specie goes to the singers from those operations. One of the ways to fight with that competition for music record companies is by offering the highest quality of their products. If a person can buy a CD of the highest quality in the music store, he might stick to it and not use Internet for getting his favorite music albums.Another way is to include Internet distributors of music products which can compete with free music upload by offering additional services. Such distributors as Amazon.com for example c an guarantee high volumes of CDs sales due to its affair to the customer. Its common truth that many people who use Internet are interested in music. As long as they can order their favorite CDs on Amazon.com, they will keep their hands off the free file upload. However, in such a case the emphasize on the quality is important as never the customers will order CDs from Amazon.com as long as the quality of CDs is beyond competition. In addition to that, its important to make sure Internet users get some additional benefits together with CDs, for example, suggestions about their early possible purchases, discounts, or free information about their favorite singers.The efficiency of the CDs and payment in the music industry through the distribution channel is very efficient but there can be some developments made in it. The most important is to keep in disposition the importance of Internet in the distribution of CDs. Its also possible to devote some attention to such types of direct marketing as teleselling, direct mail, and direct selling. By mailing catalogues to emf customers, large volumes of sales can be achieved. For maximum efficiency of distribution in music industry, its necessary for music record companies to devote lots of attention to maintaining a large chain of distributors but at the same time monitor the quality of the products which are being offered to end-users.Bibliography.David Mercer. Marketing. Blackwell subscriber line. 1992. J. Barry Manson, Moris L. Mayer, Hazel F Ezell. Foundations of Retailing. Business Publications, Inc., 1984. Kevin J. Clancy, Robert S. Shulman. The Marketing Revolution. HarperBusiness, 1991. Kotler. Marketing Management. 1986. R.M. Johnson. Market segmentation a strategic marketing tool. Journal of Marketing research, vol. 7, 1981.

Exploring Deborah Tannen’s “Sex, Lies, and Conversation

Miscommunicatings Deborah Tannens Sex, Lies, and Conversation is a brief look at how manpower and women communicate with virtuoso another and the cross-culture differences mingled with their exclusive styles and needs for conversation. Women often say that men do not listen or do not want to talk. Tannen gives reasons why women tend to believe that men are not comprehend, and shows that just beca apply men have a different approach to communicating does not mean they are not listening to what women are saying.She uses several different examples to back up her statements including early childhood differences in confabulation amongst girls and boys, the body language men use and how women tend to interpret it, and how women tend to receive information bandage communicating. Men and women have very different inquireations when it comes to communicating with wizard another. The dash women converse varies greatly from the way men tend to converse. Even young girls and boys have very different ways of communicating with one another.Young children tend to play with other children of the same gender, and the boys and girls tend to have completely different social interactions with one another. Tannen states that these systematic differences in childhood socialization make talk between women and men like cross-cultural communication, heir to all the attraction and pitfalls of that enticing but difficult enterprise (51). We see in women and in young girls, talk creates intimacy and intimacy creates friendships, but men and boys tend to bond more on doing things with one another rather than talking to each other.Even the stance men take when talking varies from a womans. Women tend to think men are not listening to them based on the blot men take when carrying on a conversation. Most women, when talking, tend to look one another in the eye. Men on the other hand tend to look around the room, occasionally catching a glance at the person they are conversing wit h. Women also tend to stay on one matter for longer periods of time than men. Women are also active listeners and tend to make more listener-noise, such as mhm, uhuh, and yeah, to show Im with you (53). Men tend to be more silent listeners. All these misinterpretations of communication tend to drive a wedge between men and women. A big reason communication fails between men and women is a lack of understanding the different ways in which men and women communicate. When women expect the person they are communicating with to face them directly, make listener-noises, and stay on topic, it is easy to see how they estimate mens unfocused attention, silent listening, and scattered topics as men not listening to what they are saying. These differences begin to clarify why women and men have such different expectations about communication in marriage (54). Women use talk as a form a gossip, where men are commonly more antagonistic in conversation. Women tend to be offended by the opposi tional form of communication, and men visualise the random babblings of a woman to be useless and unimportant. Understanding these differences as cross-cultural rather than individual can help forge solutions to these problems without placing blame on the individual. Communication between men and women is certainly cross-cultural.Some examples of this possibility are early childhood differences in communication between girls and boys, the body language men use and how women tend to interpret it, and how women tend to receive information while communicating. The differences between men and women should not be judged but rather accepted and respected. If they can do that, improvement in our communication will for sure follow. Men and women will always communicate differently, but at least if they understand the differences they can give out forward. ? Work Cited Tannen, Deborah. Sex, Lies, and Conversation. The Norton Mix. Ed. Sieg, Judy. New York W. W. Norton, 2012. Print.

Group and organizational behavior Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Group and organizational behavior - Assignment Example are explicitly indicated as simultaneously improving individual internally focused satisfaction and reducing work-unit absenteeism is the nearly promising approach to reducing individual absenteeism (Diestel, Wegge, & Schmidt, 2014, p. 353).5. The implications of these conclusions are management should design factors in the job background knowledge that would assist in reducing absenteeism as an integration of both internally focused satisfaction (job conditions) and externally focused satisfaction factors (work unit). Future research could focus on increasing sample sizes or extending applications to other(a) organizations from different cultural settings to validate consistency of the results.4. The main conclusions of this article are perceive deep-level dissimilarity evokes perceived relationship conflict, which produces lower evaluations of subordinate performance, which, in turn, lead to higher levels of abusive superv ision (Tepper, Moss, & Duffy, 2011, p. 288).5. The implications of these conclusions are the renowned need to conduct further research on the subject in other organizational settings, specially in health care organizations, to validate consistency of results. In addition, perceived levels of dissimilarity could not be structured as constant due to the personality differences of both, supervisors and subordinates, in different work settings. As such, rising studies should rule out limitations, noted therein.Diestel, S., Wegge, J., & Schmidt, K. (2014). The Impact of Social Context on the Relationship Between item-by-item Job Satisfaction and Absenteeism The Roles of Different Foci of Job Satisfaction and Work-Unit Absenteeism. Academy of Management Journal, 353-382.Tepper, B., Moss, S., & Duffy, M. (2011). Predictors of abusive supervision supervisor perceptions of deep-level dissimilarity, relationship conflict, and subordinate performance. Academy of Management Journal,

THE ROLE OF SOUND IN EIGHT DESIGN GUIDELINES OF MULTIMEDIA LEARNING Essay

THE ROLE OF SOUND IN EIGHT DESIGN GUIDELINES OF multimedia LEARNING - Essay ExampleThis paper presents a review of relevant literature along with the protrude guidelines of multimedia learning by the instructional designers in order to investigate what, when, and why they prefer to wasting disease sound in to their multimedia based learning coursew atomic number 18. The verbal deposeation can be presented in multimedia learning courseware through various options. Latest techniques like streaming media files and podcasts, which require increased bandwidth, capture also augmented the possibilities of integrating sound in to online-multimedia-learning-environments. The educational technology generally employs three staple fibre audio elements which are music, speech, and sound effects (Mann, 2005). These elements enable the multimedia-learning-application to deliver information, convey emotions, attain direct attention, and tolerate feedback. The most powerful and expressive mediu m available to the designer for instructional messages is valet de chambre speech (Mann, 2008). The instructional designers can make use of the attributes of sound such as pitch, loudness, tone and pace to motivate, educate and inform the students. The instructional designers must consider numerous variables while deciding for the sound or audio to be bodied into their multimedia-learning courseware. Often, the sound to be selected as an instructional medium is self-evident, due to the characteristics of the target audience or the content of the course (Alessi & Trollip, 2001). For instance, sound is necessary for learning a new language, studying music, or penetrative sound effects such like sonar signals or heartbeats. Moreoer, adults who are visually challenged or are incapable of reading or children who have not yet learned to read can realise from the audio instructions (Beecue etal. , 2001). 1.1 Purpose The purpose of this research paper is to determine the role of sound i n eight design guidelines of multimedia learning. This research objective can be achieved through investigating the chase three research questions 1. What types of sound are implemented by the instructional designers? 2. Why sound is incorporated into multimedia learning? 3. When do instructional designers choose to incorporate sound into their multimedia based courseware? 2. What is multimedia? Multimedia refers to the use of more than one media that includes text, animation, graphics, video, pictures and sound to provide information (Bagui, 1998 Clark & Feldon, 2005). Bagui (1998) suggests that the relationship between the multimedia and the natural way of homo learning can be illustrated through the information processing possible action that describes how human-mind receives and learns information, a process which can be related to an electronic computer (p. 3). Technology employed in computer-based and multimedia education has the potential to deliver massive information, ho wever, the processing of such information by the human receptor the learner may be limited. A study by Clark (1994) about the influence of media over learning investigates that whether or not the multimedia technology really works in learning? (Clark, 1994). fit to the Dual-coding theory, people independently process separate channels of communication whereas the cue summation theory speculates that the human mind