Fourth Amendment Search and Seizure - 1010 Words

The United States Constitution affords all people certain rights. The Fifth Amendment states that we have the right against self incrimination. The Fourth Amendment protects us from unreasonable search or seizure. People have the right to confront witnesses and accusers. Nothing can change these rights unless the U.S. constitutions were to be rewritten and that is not likely to happen. In this paper we will be examining the Fourth Amendment, learning the requirements for obtaining a search warrant, defining probable cause, describing when search and seizure does not require a warrant. We will also explain the rationale for allowing warrantless searches, examine the persuasiveness of these reasons, and determine if probable cause is always†¦show more content†¦In exigent circumstances a warrant is not necessary to conduct a search if the circumstances at the time of the search are necessary to prevent physical harm, the concealment or destruction of evidence, or the escape of a suspect and there is not enough time to obtain a search warrant beforehand (codes of criminal procedure, n.d.). Probable cause is defined as a reasonable belief that a crime has been committed, that evidence is at the place being sear5ched or on the person being searched, or that a specific person is believed to have committed, is committing, or will commit a certain crime. Law enforcement cannot just go to a judge and say they have probable cause for a warrant. To obtain a warrant law enforcement needs something to substantiate their belief. The standard for probable cause to be met is for any reasonable person to believe based on the evidence or observations presented that indeed either a suspect has or is engaging in criminal activity, or that evidence exists at a certain location. Not all searches require probable cause to be established. The exception to the probable cause is reasonable suspicion. An example of this is a customs search. A custom search requires no warrant or probable cause be presented. But if a custom agent is going to detain a traveler for an extendedShow MoreRelatedFou rth Amendment : Search And Seizure963 Words   |  4 PagesFourth Amendment: Search and Seizure The Fourth Amendment: Search and Seizure was passed by Congress on September 25, 1789 and ratified December 15, 1791. The Fourth Amendment provides, [t]he right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the personsRead MoreThe Fourth Amendment : A Search And Seizure Reasonable?2135 Words   |  9 PagesWhen is a search and seizure reasonable? John Vile clearly explains the origination of the Fourth Amendment and why it was created at the time of the creation of the Constitution,  ¨Like the amendment that precedes it, the Fourth Amendment was largely motivated by abuses of the British when they ruled America. They had used general warrants, or so-called writs of assistance, in tracking down customs violations in the colonies. A number of states subsequently adopted provisions against such warrantsRead MoreAssignment Sub Heading : Fourth Amendment Right On Search And Seizure877 Words   |  4 PagesAssignment sub-heading: Fourth Amendment Right to search and seizure TITLE AND CITATION: Arizona v. Johnson, 555 U.S. 323 (2209) TYPE OF ACTION: This is a criminal case, did officers Trevizo violate the Fourth Amendment s protection against unreasonable searches and seizures during a routine traffic stop for suspended registration. Johnson was search even after he comply with officer Trevizo’s command. The Arizona Supreme Court denied review. We granted certiorari, and now reverse the judgmentRead MoreSearch and Seizure The purpose for the Fourth Amendment is to protect people from intrusion of the600 Words   |  3 PagesSearch and Seizure The purpose for the Fourth Amendment is to protect people from intrusion of the government in areas where they have a reasonable expectation of privacy. It prohibits searches and seizures unless they are conducted with probable cause and under reasonable circumstances. â€Å"The Fourth Amendment only protects against searches and seizures conducted by the government or pursuant to governmental direction. Surveillance and investigatory actions taken by strictly private persons, suchRead MoreThe Fourth Amendment Protects Citizens From Unreasonable Search And Seizure Of Property1435 Words   |  6 PagesThe Fourth Amendment protects citizens from unreasonable search and seizure of property. This ensures that the government cannot take a private citizen’s property without their consent, a warrant or probable cause. The Fifth Amendment protects private property in two ways. The first, it ensures that a person cannot be deprived of private property without due process of law. This means that if the government is to seize private property they must compensate the owner for the property being seizedRead MoreThe Fourth Amendment And The Fourteenth Amendment987 Words   |  4 PagesCitizens are protected by two constitutional amendments, under the Fourth and Fourteenth Amendments to the U.S. Constitution, any search of a person or his premises (including a vehicle), and any seizure of tangible evidence, must be reasonable. The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularlyRead MoreThe Poisonous Tree1065 Words   |  5 PagesReasonableness Introduction Most of us have seen things that officers or other Law agency have done to other individual and have stated that it was either an unreasonable search and seizure of items that was found on or in the individuals’ car, house, etc., but why would they consider it unreasonable? This usually ends up being a problem for individuals who do not understand the law or how it applies to certain situations. This learner will address the definition of what unreasonable means, whichRead MoreImagine You Are On A Family Road Trip You Drive Through1403 Words   |  6 PagesEither the officer wants to search your vehicle or arrest you. Is the question this legal or illegal for the officer to do? I believe that search and seizure are ethical because it protects citizens from an unlawful entry and provides protection for law enforcement in case a person is dangerous or to provide evidence to use in a criminal case in court. The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated,Read MoreExclusionary Rule : The Rule889 Words   |  4 PagesThe exclusionary rule protects the rights of the people under the Fourth, Fifth, and Sixth Amendments, and requires evidence obtained directly or indirectly as a result of government violations cannot be used as proof of guilt in a court of law [1] The U. S. Const. amend. IV, states that the rights of the people are to be secure in their homes and person, papers and effects, shall not be violated by unreasonable search and seizure, and no warrants shall be issued unless it is supported by probableRead MoreShould The Police Search The House Without A Warrant?1503 Words   |  7 Pageshallucinations. The police arrive at the house where the party is at due multiple calls about drugs and minors. They want to search the house and take a look around but you know there are drugs here and alcohol plus minors. Would it be okay if the police search the house without a warrant? Is this legal or illegal in this situation? I believe that under viable circumstances search and seizure is ethical because it protects citizens from an unlawful entry and provides protection for law enforcement in case

The Misuse Of Information / Data Within Modern Business...

In this part of the assignment I will be talking about the misuse of information/data in modern business environment, which generate and exploit social intensive data, the data that is generated in our everyday lives. Data/information is used in our everyday lives, when speaking in social terms data is spread around the world through the social media. Social Medias such as for example, Facebook and twitter has effected the social environment dramatically. The fact that social media has been introduced to us shows that the world itself is developing. However, the information spread through the social media can be misused in various types of ways. Information is power and with that great power comes great responsibility. However the†¦show more content†¦This resulted to a lot of information and data being exposed to the public which shouldn’t have been. Going back to the social media. There has been many times where a person has given their personal information to a certain social media but the social media has not been able to safely guard their information. This is for example, on emirates 24/7 news it had stated that a ten year old girl had her Instagram and snapchat being hacked. This could suggest that her personal information could be stolen and misused. This is where the data protection act of 1998 comes in and ensures that all personal data in the UK is protect and can be seen as a crime if data is not protected or stolen. The misuse of information could lead to the downfall of a business. This is for example, a business may be prosecuted due to not being able to safely guard a person’s information. Also, by not being able to safely guard a person’s information it is possible to risk the safety of a person. This is for example a person may not wish to disclose their personal information such as their address to avoid stalkers. The information accessed by a third party may result to a stalker having access to the whereabouts of the person therefore leading to them being unsafe. Also by accessing a person’s information could lead to identity theft as well their financial

Business Risk and Threats Free-Samples -Myassignmenthelp.com

Questions: 1.Identify and Evaluate the threat relating to Aurditors Independence. 2.Identify two Business risk in relation to purchasing of Spare part and Equipment. 3.Specify risks assosicated with the risk and its Impact on account of balances. Answers: 1.Identification and evaluation of threat relating to auditors independence Situation 1: It is required for auditors to comply with the standards of auditing while performing auditing procedures. For maintaining independency in the audit process, it is required to have approach of objectivity and integrity. Sometimes, the auditors provide non-audit services to their clients and such service might comprised of tax service. Such services are provided for amount in addition to fees received for audit services and non-monetary advantage such as gifts and kinds. In the first situation, auditors are required to promote the business of their client that is CJ needs to attract investors for business of their client Luxury travel holiday limited. In this regard, auditors faces the threat of advocacy while conducting audit. Providing audit services would lead to compromising objective of integrity that would seriously affect the ethics (Andon et al. 2014). Situation 2: In this particular situation, LTH are being provided some of extra and fringe benefits for maintaining good relationship with client and the audit service providers. It might be provided to auditors for availing benefits apart form services provided for conducting the auditing procedures. This is done for conducting the activities part from engaging in audit. There would question of independency would arise if the offers are accepted by auditors. If more benefits are received by auditors, this will lead to increase in threat to independency (la Rosa and Paul 2015). Situation 3: Some of the close family members of auditors involves parent, non-dependent child, spouse and siblings. The financial controller of business of LTH is the father of the proposed account. Since, Michael is son of the financial controller and if he accept the offer of becoming a part of the audit team, his integrity would be questioned and it would pose threat to his independency. Situation 4: If auditors becomes excessive close to the clients while performing the auditing activities, they tends to develop trust and become well acquainted with the clients business. Annette has been performing the auditing of companies and would have gained valuable information about the clients business resulting from her previous engagement with the LTH. It is not considered maintaining the integrity objective while carrying out the auditors own work. Identification of safeguard in relation to threats identified above: Auditors are not required to performance any service to their clients that would threaten his or her independency. This may involve providing some services that needs to be prohibited for maintaining the independency of auditors. Maintaining the effectiveness of audit committee of organization while encompassing transparency level- One of the vital tool in organization for maintaining the auditors independency is incorporating effective audit committee that would aligning the objectives of company with integrity of auditors in conducting the process of auditing (Soh and Martinov-Bennie 2015). The outcome of independency of auditors need to be made public, as the audit, committee must assess the independency and integrity objective. Rotating of auditors- The promotion of the objectivity of auditors will be done without involving considerable amount of cost. Rotation of auditors will help in removing the self-interest and threat of becoming over familiar with the business of their clients. Organization needs to maintain high quality of audit by making acquainted with clients historical and institutional knowledge. Maintenance of requirement of auditors independence at the global level- An organization needs to align to global accounting standard while maintaining ethical code of conduct while varying out the process of auditing (Pitt 2014). Some complexities are involved in the procedures of carrying the audit by maintaining consistent set of ethical standards at the international level. 2.Management of spare parts and equipment is regarded to be of crucial importance and steps need to be taken for mitigation of such risks. A company might incur financial loss due to downtime risk associated with managing of equipment and spare parts. The reason is also attributable to the technological implementation in spare parts management (Hodge 2014). The two types of business risks associated with the managing of spare parts and equipment are operational risks and strategic risks. Organization not capable of making large investment in inventories, it is required by them to adopt more suitable strategy for managing the equipment and spared parts. Strategic risk- The risk accompanied in the way organization manages their equipment and spare parts of inventories are related to strategic risk. As the management of financials of organization becomes standardized, the management of equipment and spare parts might be done by applying standards methods. On the other hand, it is certainly possible on part of management to employ ad hoc method for equipment and spare part management (Jackson 2015). In this method, there are no formulate policies and purchase managers are required to give their judgment on regular basis. Risks related to loss of managing of equipment and spare parts and the amount of investment made by organization in managing the inventories forms the basis of employment of appropriate approach for equipment management. Operational risk- The risk associated with the manner, organization execute their approach of managing the spare parts and equipment are the operational risk. Execution of appropriate strategic policies is not successful in many organizations. Management of organization may not have standardized approach for implementation of policy for stocking of decisions and could not recognize the inefficacy of pursing such implementation policies. If the organization seeks to manage their equipment and spare parts efficiently, they are required to manage the operational risks by making sure that their approaches have been implemented suitably (Hardy and Laslett 2014). Managing the operational risk will not lead to organization take any chance relating to inventory and spare parts management. 3.The types of risk that is related to operational risk is the detection risk. It is the risk that is associated with the fact that auditors have not been able to detect the material misstatement in the financial statement of organization. As per the risk, it would be concluded by the auditors that thee does not exist any significant error while conducting procedures of auditing. Such risk arises when auditors while conducting audit adopt no approach policies. The amount, volume and types of transactions has a serious impact of the account of balances of the organization. Accounts that are susceptible to detection risks comprise of sales account, purchase account and revenue account. Inherent risk is the risk that seems to be associated with the strategic risk. Such risk is attributable to the fact about omission of errors in the financial report. Such risks arises due to the fact other than the failure of internal control of the organization. When the auditors exercises high level of judgment in carrying out the auditing activities and the nature of business transactions are complex, there arises the possibilities of occurrence of such risks. The amount of receivables and the account of balance is greatly impacted by existence of such risks. Inherent risks are highly associated with the certain amount of transactional and accounts (Duncan and Whittington 2014). The classification of transactions has a great impact on the account of balances. Reference: Andon, P., Free, C. and Sivabalan, P., 2014. The legitimacy of new assurance providers: Making the cap fit. Accounting, Organizations and Society,39(2), pp.75-96. Duncan, B. and Whittington, M., 2014, September. Compliance with standards, assurance and audit: does this equal security?. InProceedings of the 7th International Conference on Security of Information and Networks(p. 77). ACM. Hardy, C.A. and Laslett, G., 2014. Continuous Auditing and Monitoring in Practice: Lessons from Metcash's Business Assurance Group.Journal of Information Systems,29(2), pp.183-194. Hodge, S.M., 2014.The Use and Effectiveness of the Internal Audit Function on an External Audit(Doctoral dissertation, Texas Womans University). Jackson, R.A., 2015. Partners in assurance: a good relationship with the audit committee can enable CAEs to better satisfy its members' expectations.Internal Auditor,72(3), pp.35-40. Knechel, W.R. and Salterio, S.E., 2016.Auditing: assurance and risk. Routledge. la Rosa, D. and Paul, S., 2015. Internal audits role in embedding governance, risk, and compliance in state-owned companies. Pitt, S.A., 2014.Internal audit quality: Developing a quality assurance and improvement program. John Wiley Sons. Porter, B., Simon, J. and Hatherly, D., 2014.Principles of external auditing. John Wiley Sons. Soh, D.S. and Martinov-Bennie, N., 2015. Internal auditors perceptions of their role in environmental, social and governance assurance and consulting.Managerial Auditing Journal,30(1), pp.80-111

Liberalism versus Marxism

In an attempt to offer a better explanation to international political economy, observers in international relations have made use of diverse theories and perspectives.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Liberalism versus Marxism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Among the most notable theories include Liberalism and Marxism. The two theories differ with regard to varying factors and components that impact on global integration. They include the thoughts and principles on such areas as the trade unions, international organizations, state’s sovereignty, multinational corporations, globalised economic processes, and international crime. Liberalism is based under the idea that giving people maximum freedom and liberty would help eliminate authoritarian political regimes, achieve higher levels of democracies, reduce civil wars and civil unrests and as result achieve global peace and prosperity. In Liberalism the g overnment applies little control over freedom. It is also leveled at the same degree of moral standards as its citizens. Liberalism is aims to achieve democracy, peace, free trade as well as international integration. Liberalism calls for commitment to tolerance as well as giving opportunity for right self-determination by citizens. It favors constitutional government which expresses the people’s democracy and that which applies collective rule of law. Liberalism requires that citizens in a state be given the opportunity to realise intellectual and economic liberty; this should form the basis for political order which applies minimal government regulation. In this case, the government’s role is to protect and promote the citizens economic and intellectual liberty. Liberalism also gives individuals the opportunity to follow their own initiatives (Evans and Newnham 1998, p.46). According to Evans Newnham (1998 p.61) liberalism is founded on four core beliefs in internat ional relations. Liberalism believes that peace can be best achieved by developing and strengthening democratic institutions on a global basis. It founded on the ideology that treaties and laws should be consensus-oriented and that state preference and not state capabilities should be the principal determinants of the conduct of every state. This implies that each state is given the opportunity to carry out an analogy into its domestic level concerning individual motivation of its citizens while pursuing positive international relations.Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It also believes that a natural harmony would enable nations and individuals make rational calculations which help integrate international interests and national interests. Thus liberalism encourages tolerance of preference through democratic institutions which are strengthened by enlightened educational instit utions. This would help promote rational calculations individuals and states and hence reduce the chances of wars. It acknowledges that preferences usually vary in states depending on the type of government, economic system and the culture of the country. Since it is governments that make war and not the people, establishing governments which represent the popular will of citizens and governance systems which employ democracy is most likely to encourage peace (Evans and Newnham 1998, p.62). It is also founded on the belief that disputes are better solved through established judicial procedures which are instituted and operate under the rule of law. Since the rule of law applies to states just the same way it applies to individuals, it is therefore fundamental to establish a voluntary international judicial organization to fulfill international legislative functions. This system should be able to preserve tolerance by encouraging as much independence and freedom among nations as poss ible. Finally, its other core belief is that collective security measures would effectively substitute the notion of self-help among states. The ideology of liberalism believes that the international community is able to identify belligerents by putting in place an effective alliance of law-abiding institutions and nations to oppose such forces. Thus liberalism is the ideology under which the United Nations and the League of Nations were established and have developed (Evans and Newnham 1998, p.62). Liberalism also believes on devising and implementing cooperative international economic institutions so as to enhance integration of international markets (Garrett 2000, p.108). Such actions are also aimed at achieving international economic stability. This has been the basis of foundations for institutions for fixed exchange rates and international monetary institutions such as the International Monetary Fund and international economic organizations such as World Trade Organization. In achieving effective international economic institutions states should have the autonomy to pursue their social and economic objectives while ensuring the rules and policies of the international relations (Garrett 2000, p.108).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Liberalism versus Marxism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Marxism Marxism is founded on the idea that change and improvement of society can be best achieved by implementing socialism. In Marxist regimes the majority population spends their lives working to benefit the few rich wealthy ruling class. It applies the ideology of imperialism which integrates economic and geopolitical competition among nations (Prichard, 2007, p.409). Marxist political economy is closer to the economics as compared to the political economy of states. It was founded on the basis of internalisation of capital, interpenetration of private capital as well as nation-state (Harvey 199 9, p.242). Marxism isolates the predispositions and laws of capitalism so as to understand the direction of capitalism; and in this case the direction of capitalism is in four phases which include the beginning, maturity, decline and finally death (Harvey 1999, p.242). This helps it identify the transition and the successor to the particular society. This implies that Marxism has a period of inherent instability as it has decline and death phases (Prichard, 2007, p.409). In Marxism, financial capital plays a major role and as such states are rated and treated in accordance with their financial capital. It is more dependent on capital and imperialism (Prichard, 2007, p.430). Marxism employs various pragmatic measures to ensure that the finance capital achieves its goal. Marxism requires that regulations are imposed to control economic activities while pursuing the goal so as to ensure maximum profit in the least possible time (Prichard, 2007, p.430). Marxism is characterised by; divi sion of class, state promotion of social mobility; and provision of support to medium-sized and small businesses. These are aimed at making the social order more stable by exercising control over the poor majority. In countries that employ Marxism ideologies, regionalism, racism homophobia, xenophobia are bound to be experienced although developed states have laws prohibiting such kind of discrimination (Prichard, 2007, p.415). Marxism integrates capitalist systems of control to achieve surplus productions (Prichard, 2007, p.415). Forces are only applied during crisis in mature systems particularly when the system is threatened. In Marxism, states labour exists in an abstract form aimed at creating quantities (surplus) for sale. Thus the forms of control on production put in place according to Marxism are only concerned with quantity and not the welfare of the workforce. It ensures that the forms of control is particular to the means of production and is also in line with capitalist ic ideals. Marxism states that competition should aim at reducing labour to its homogenised form (Prichard, 2007, p.415).Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Marxism discourages the establishment of trade unions or company unions and therefore adopts several strategies to contain the workforce either by making concessions to them or even through direct repressions. It believes that such unions have political effect and can therefore lower quality and the quantity of production and as such limit the ability of firms to expand (Prichard, 2007, p.428). Marxism does not apply social democracy since it is likely to threaten their rule. It applies various strategies to prevent unionisation of workers. Such measures may include casualisation of labour, creating divisions between long-term and temporary workers among many other tactics. Marxism also discourages establishment of legal institutions which promote human rights either through direct oppression of human rights groups or through other illegal forms which weaken the human rights groups. It promotes the growth of the middle class since this group would enable implementation of authoritar ian regimes whenever the movement of the society favoured their class (Prichard, 2007, p.428). Marxism ensures political controls by applying bureaucracy and by applying political-legal forms of control on recruitment into the civil service (Prichard, 2007, p.410). A few individuals who control the political economy of such states control the forms of communication to ensure that vital political information are channeled through privately owned media so as to communicate agendas that favour them. They also apply economic pressures over the individuals in the nation especially the majority low class population. Such states have highly autocratic political economic systems which are practised under the guise of democracy. In such systems, only individuals in high positions in the state are consulted. They are also not ordered on what to do but are assumed to know the best options for the system. Such states also work to preserve a flourishing small business sector. This is mainly cont rolled by the public sector and the few professional middle class group thus ensuring that this group climbs up the social and economic ladder. Such states promote more and more privatisation of the public services. Marxism encourages monopoly in the economy since the rich firms and entrepreneurs supply the small businesses with almost everything. The regulations and laws defending competition are not very effective. Such policies which protect the interests of a small rich majority are bound to bring polarisation in such states. Marxism applies socialisation of labour and production. These are bound to destabilise the internal political economic systems (Nealon 2008, p.61). In Marxist regimes, markets are more regulated and are limited in their operations (Nealon 2008, p.54). The markets are determined by the pool of labour and the surplus production. It believes that opening up the market for the international community is bound to threaten the national economic stability and that of the few rich individuals who monopolise the economic sectors of the state. In imperialism, free trade is destructive and is a potential cause of inter-imperialist conflict (Prichard, 2007, p.417). States which practice the ideology of imperialism or Marxism in that case believe that having direct control over the spigots where the most essential commodity in the global economy would certainly enable strengthen their economic positions and therefore have an edge over their key rivals (Garrett 2000, p.116). Marxists regimes are likely to apply political and military wars in attempts to solve their economic crisis. Geopolitical rivalries form part dynamic imperialism. Inter-imperialist conflicts normally lead to warfare. Thus unlike liberalist states, such regimes do not believe in forming voluntary international judicial system for solving inter-state or international conflicts. Thus internationally, imperialist states dependent more on their military strength to defend their poli tical economies (Garrett 2000, p.116). Summary Liberalism is bent towards political economy while Marxism is more concerned with economics and maximization of profits. Liberalism believes in equal rights and individual liberty as Marxism supports the ideology of differentiation of social class and struggle to achieve higher order social class. States which adopt liberalisms in their governments and governance structure believe in democracy and giving individuals economic and intellectual freedom while Marxism believes in authoritarian rule where individuals are controlled by applying economic pressure on them. Liberalism promotes democracy through institutions to encourage human rights while Marxism discourages establishment of institutions that promote individual rights. Institutions such as trade unions are seen to affect the capacity of the state and the regime to achieve maximum production and profit. Liberalism promotes liberal democracy which promotes active political particip ation by all the individuals and encourages their participation by enabling access to information. Marxism applies discriminative active political participation by applying bias in recruitments in political activities and public service. Marxism does not promote free flow of vital information to the general public and instead the wealthy ruling class use private media to present information which are subjective and which work for their benefits. Liberalism also encourages free trade through formation of international economic communities and international economic policies. It applies minimal policy regulations on trade. Marxism on the other hand is bent on protecting economic monopoly by the wealthy class and therefore views economic integration of states as destructive to the economic stability of the state. It therefore works to excessively regulate trade activities. Liberalism believes in achieving international justice through voluntary international judicial institutions which apply the rule of law while at the same time ensuring independence and freedom of individuals and states. Marxism believes in achieving solutions to geopolitical conflicts through political and military wars. In order to achieve democratic societies which respect the rule of law and promotes human rights governments and the international community should aim at implementing the ideals liberalism. Marxism is more authoritarian and would encourage more oppression on individuals as well as civil and international wars. Adopting the ideology of liberalism globally would encourage peaceful coexistence and stable economic growth to individuals and states. Reference List Evans, G., Newnham, J., 1998, The Penguin dictionary of international relations. New York: Penguin. Garrett, G., 2000, Shrinking states? Globalization and national autonomy. In the political economy of globalization. ed. Ngaire Woods, 107-46. London: Macmillan. Harvey, D., 1999, Limits to Capital. London: Verso. Pp. 239- 324. Nealon, J.. 2008. Genealogies of Capitalism. Stanford: Stanford UP. Pp.54-73. Prichard, C., 2007. Responding to class theft: Theoretical and empirical links to critical management studies. Rethinking Marxism, Vol.19, No. 3, pp. 409-421. This essay on Liberalism versus Marxism was written and submitted by user Nathaly G. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Joy Luck Club Nationality Essays - Chinatown, San Francisco

Joy Luck Club: Nationality "Hey, Sabrina, are you Japanese or Chinese?" I asked. Her reply, as it seems to be for a lot of minority groups, is, "Neither, I'm Chinese-American." So, besides her American accent and a hyphenated ending on her answer to the SAT questionnaire about her ethnic background, what's the difference? In Amy Tan's enjoyable novel, The Joy Luck Club, about the relationships and experiences of four Chinese mothers and four Chinese-American daughters, I found out the answer to this question. The difference in upbringing of those women born during the first quarter of this century in China, and their daughters born in the American atmosphere of California, is a difference that doesn't exactly take a scientist to see. From the beginning of the novel, you hear Suyuan Woo tell the story of "The Joy Luck Club," a group started by some Chinese women during World War II, where "we feasted, we laughed, we played games, lost and won, we told the best stories. And each week, we could hope to be lucky. That hope was our only joy." (p. 12) Really, this was their only joy. The mothers grew up during perilous times in China. They all were taught "to desire nothing, to swallow other people's misery, to eat [their] own bitterness." (p. 241) Though not many of them grew up terribly poor, they all had a certain respect for their elders, and for life itself. These Chinese mothers were all taught to be honorable, to the point of sacrificing their own lives to keep any family members' promise. Instead of their daughters, who "can promise to come to dinner, but if she wants to watch a favorite movie on TV, she no longer has a promise" (p. 42), "To Chinese people, fourteen carats isn't real gold . . . [my bracelets] must be twenty-four carats, pure inside and out." (p. 42) Towards the end of the book, there is a definite line between the differences of the two generations. Lindo Jong, whose daughter, Waverly, doesn't even know four Chinese words, describes the complete difference and incompatibility of the two worlds she tried to connect for her daughter, American circumstances and Chinese character. She explains that there is no lasting shame in being born in America, and that as a minority you are the first in line for scholarships. Most importantly, she notes that "In America, nobody says you have to keep the circumstances somebody else gives you." (p. 289) Living in America, it was easy for Waverly to accept American circumstances, to grow up as any other American citizen. As a Chinese mother, though, she also wanted her daughter to learn the importance of Chinese character. She tried to teach her Chinese-American daughter "How to obey parents and listen to your mother's mind. How not to show your own thoughts, to put your feelings behind your face so you can take advantage of hidden opportunities . . . How to know your own worth and polish it, never flashing it around like a cheap ring." (p. 289) The American-born daughters never grasp on to these traits, and as the book shows, they became completely different from their purely Chinese parents. They never gain a sense of real respect for their elders, or for their Chinese background, and in the end are completely different from what their parents planned them to be. By the stories and information given by each individual in The Joy Luck Club, it is clear to me just how different a Chinese-American person is from their parents or older relatives. I find that the fascinating trials and experiences that these Chinese mothers went through are a testament to their enduring nature, and constant devotion to their elders. Their daughters, on the other hand, show that pure Chinese blood can be changed completely through just one generation. They have become American not only in their speech, but in their thoughts, actions and lifestyles. This novel has not only given great insight into the Chinese way of thinking and living, but it has shown the great contrast that occurs from generation to generation, in the passing on of ideas and traditions.

Likely Effects Of Biofuels On Biodiversity An Environmental Sciences Essays

Likely Effects Of Biofuels On Biodiversity An Environmental Sciences Essays Likely Effects Of Biofuels On Biodiversity An Environmental Sciences Essay Likely Effects Of Biofuels On Biodiversity An Environmental Sciences Essay 1st coevals biofuels, the feedstocks are besides used as nutrient harvests and are chiefly used to bring forth biodiesel and bioethanol. These biofuels are straight produced and processed easy from the biofuel harvests or workss such as rapeseed, sunflower, sugar cane, maize etc. The 2nd coevals biofuels are generated from works lignocellulosic stuff. Bioethanol is generated by treating the lignocellulosic works stuff. Many perennial grasses, poplar, willow, forestry, agricultural waste merchandises etc are besides used to bring forth this 2nd coevals biofuels. The 3rd coevals biofuels are produced from algae which might non vie with nutrient harvests, doing it really feasible and more promising to be used. But the 2nd coevals and largely the 3rd coevals is non yet commercially feasible as the engineering is good advance and it is still undergoing development ( Biemans et al. , 2008 ) . This essay will be looking at the likely effects or impact of biofuels on biodiversity viz. the impact on home ground, impact on C segregation, impact on H2O quality and measure, impact of increased chemical usage, and impact of forestry and agricultural waste on biodiversity. This essay will besides briefly expression at a instance survey of biofuel impact in Netherlands. 2. Biofuel likely effects on biodiversity The addition in biofuel demand and usage has lead to several environmental impacts that might ensue in either negative or positive impacts on biodiversity. Biofuels can positively impact as a sustainable renewable beginning of energy, depending on its production technique, and can besides hold a negative impact, depending on the sustainability of its development. Bioefuel has a positive potency for cleaner fuels, and greater possibility for economic growing for rural communities and for husbandmans ( Pimentel and Patzek, 2007 ) . The major impact of biofuel on biodiversity is land-use alteration ( Koh, 2007 ) , and in state of affairs where biofuel will supply major part of planetary energy, this will countervail the possible extenuation of clime alteration due to decrease in green house gas emanation, by infringing extra lands to bring forth biofuel. Biofuel feedstocks picks, cultivation patterns, and the type of land that it is grown on, will find the positive or negative impact on biodiversity ( UNEP, 2008 ) . Impact on Habitat Crops grown in deforested country or degraded lands with decreased dirt cultivated land and agricultural inputs to supply feedstock for biofuel production could potentially impact biodiversity positively by reconstructing home ground and ecosystem map ( Cook and Beyea, 2000 ) . Turning perennial species for biofuel feedstocks besides have positive biodiversity impact than one-year monoculture planting, as some works or harvest rotary motion for biofuel feedstock can be good for some works species, butterfly, birds and some beings etc ( Cook and Beyea, 2000 ) . The most important cause for negative biodiversity impact globally is Habitat loss ( MEA, 2005 ) , and this could happen as a consequence of biofuel feedstocks production replacing other land utilizations, making negative impact on biodiversity. The addition in feedstock production could be affected indirectly taking to extension usage of land, this is seen in the instance where addition in maize monetary values for illustration in US has lead to husbandmans exchanging more land area of land from other harvest land usage to the cultivation of more maize ( Pimentel et al. , 2009 ) or direct extensions of cultivated countries which further additions habitat loss. For illustration, forested countries, peatlands, grasslands and wetland can be encroached for biofuel feedstock production. This can be seen in South-East Asia, where addition in demand for palm oil for the production of biodiesel has lead to a monolithic and extended deforestation, seting force per unit area on designated preservation countries ( Koh, 2007 ) . Besides in Brazil, demands for addition in the production of soy bean and sugar cane for biofuel has lead to monolithic loss of biodiversity in Cerrado and the Amazon rain forest ( Costa et al. , 2007 ) . Impact on Carbon Sequestration Land-use alteration due to biofuel feedstock harvest can besides act upon C dioxide emanation ( Searchinger et al. , 2008 ) . For illustration feedstock plantation for bioenergy on debauched land could increase the segregation of C, extenuating the planetary heating impact due to climate alteration ( Tilman et al. , 2006 ) . However, where big root of the perennial feedstock species for biofuel still remains in the dirt after crop, the sum of C in the dirt might be increased as a consequence of excess C being released from the roots to the dirt. The usage of sustainable agricultural patterns and high diverseness harvest rotary motion systems on debauched land can besides increase C segregation as a consequence of increasing dirt organic affair ( Tilman et al. , 2006 ) . Similarly, biofuels generated from waste and residues merchandises could hold no negative important impact on biodiversity and clime alteration as land usage alteration is non required for the production of the feedstock ( Searchinger et al. , 2008 ) . Biofuel feedstock plantation established on C rich dirt or forested land will greatly negate and out weigh the cleaner fuel from biofuel generated utilizing sustainable production by let go ofing monolithic nursery gases breathing as a consequence of land-use alteration and feedstock production. Procedures affecting drainage of peatlands, wetlands and glade of lands by fire for biofuel feedstock plantation can be destructive with respect to air quality and nursery gas emanations ( Righelato and Spracklen, 2007 ) . For illustration in south-east Asia, due to high demand in palm oil production, peatlands has besides been drained to run into the mark and as a consequence, it has been estimated that up to 100 metric tons of carbon-dioxide are releases in a twelvemonth per hectare and firing the peatlands doubles or three-base hits this value ( Righelato and Spracklen, 2007 ) , negatively impacting both below-ground and above biodiversity. In south-east Asia, United States and Brazil, it has been found through surveies that change overing peatlands, rain forests and grasslands for the plantation of crop-based biofuel feedstocks ( 1st coevals feedstocks ) table.1, creates carbon debt by bring forthing carbon-dioxide 17- 420 times more than the nursery gas one-year decreases derived by replacing dodo fuel usage with biofuels ( Fargione et al, 2008 ) . Water Quality and Quantity Impact Bioenergy harvest productions besides have impacts on H2O quality and handiness. Surveies have shown that biofuel feedstock production most particularly harvest feedstocks or first coevals biofuel feedstocks ( table.1 ) impact H2O resources negatively ( Berndes, 2002 ) . For illustration biofuel harvests like sugar cane, oil thenar, maize etc requires big sum of H2O for its productiveness and other biofuel feedstock harvests with greater water-use productiveness such as coconut and sugar Beta vulgaris can set force per unit area on the H2O tabular array ( Shepard, 2006 ) . There are besides instances of terrible H2O pollution, destructing aquatic life due to increases cultivation and production of biofuel feedstock. In 2007, the planetary nature fund named the Pantanal in Brazil the A ; acirc ; ˆ?threatened lake of the twelvemonth 2007 A ; acirc ; ˆA? due to H2O run outing from soya bean Fieldss, cultivated at the catchments of this lake as a consequence of increased demand and cultivation of biofuel feedstock ( Global Nature Fund, 2007 ) In Malaysia every bit good, Palm Oil Mill Effluent ( POME ) , residue of biofuel processing from palm oil is the major pollutant discharge into the Malayan rivers ( Ahmad et al. , 2006 ) . On the positive note, some of the biofuel feedstock harvests might be used in one of the bioremediation methods or phyto-remediation of contaminated H2O undertakings ( Berndes, 2002 ) . Increase Chemical use Impact on Biodiversity Expansion of lands for the production of biofuel feedstocks with homogenous cropping has lead to the increased usage of chemical applications like pesticides to command plague and besides most particularly more fertilisers to increase the dirt food and feedstock outputs has resulted in the increased emanation of N from dirt which is the major emanation beginning of azotic oxide universe broad ( MEA, 2005 ) . This azotic oxide has really high planetary heating potencies greater than that of carbon-dioxide. The addition usage of fertiliser, if sustainable patterns are non maintained to forestall leaching and eutrophicating foods emanation, can ensue in the increased eutrophication of aquatic and tellurian ecosystem and thereby ensuing to loss of biodiversity ( MEA, 2005 ) . Consequently, utilizing trees and perennial or 2nd coevals biofuel feedstock harvests ( table.1 ) , reduces the application of agrochemicals and as a consequence impacts the environment and biodiversity positively. Invasive Speciess Impact There is besides concern for invasive species debut to the ecosystem due to biofuel feedstock production ( Raghu et al, 2006 ) . Some of the 2nd coevals biofuel feedstock productions such as woody species and grasses ( table.1 ) have invasive species traits which include long canopy period, rapid growing and high H2O usage productiveness. It is feared that these biofuel feedstock harvests if introduced will non merely occupy but will besides displace some autochthonal species ensuing in lessening or loss of biodiversity ( Ragh et al, 2006 ) . For illustration in United States, biofuel feedstock harvests such as Johnson grass ( Sorghum halepense ) , Reed canary grass ( Phalaris arundinacea ) and Giant reed ( Arundo donax ) are already known to be invasive. Impact of Forestry and Agricultural Waste Feedstock on Biodiversity Waste is the 2nd chief beginning of 2nd coevals biofuel feedstock ( table.1 ) . Woody waste feedstock coevals can be harvested straight from forest or sawing Millss. Low C segregation and large-scale biodiversity losingss in woods is due to the remotion of deceasing and dead trees from the wood, as many woodland species live and feed on these waste ( Paul and Ernsting, 2007 ) . For illustration nonvascular plants, Fungis, invertebrates, lichens, beetling etc provender and live on forest dead forests depending on the dead wood volume assortment and grades of decomposition nowadays ( Jonsson et al. , 2005 ; Jonsell et al. , 2007 ) . Dead wood facilitates tremendous assortment of arthropods which attracts higher degrees of many species such as birds. Extraction and glade of this waste will diminish the home grounds of these species and might emphasize the productiveness of the wood. Similarly, remotion of the forestry waste merchandises for biofuel production can impact biodiversity positively by cut downing the hazard of forest fires. The impact of agricultural waste on biodiversity either positive or negative depends on the home ground they are generated from and the waste merchandise. Grass film editings remotion helps protect the profusion of species aided by unfastened home grounds and besides semi-natural grasslands are conserved from natural sequence. Removal of agricultural waste besides prevents the grass land from losing its aesthetic values and assorted ecosystems. Removal of grass or works litters or waste helps diminish the dirt food or organic affair and this enhances the profusion of species in diverse grassland home grounds ( Hansson and Fogelfors, 2000 ) . Consequently, remotion of agricultural waste for illustration straw, leftover from barley and wheat, which is used to increase the dirt organic affair can impact biodiversity negatively as dirt beings will be reduced and this might connote in the addition usage of nitrate fertilisers which has inauspicious consequence or impact on the fresh water and land ecosystem and besides on biodiversity every bit good ( Paul and Ernsting, 2007 ) . 3. Case Study: impact of biofuel production from wood french friess on biodiversity in Netherlands. The Son Heathland and the New Heathland are nature modesty countries in Netherlands with several pools, heathlands and forest dunes covering about 600 hectares ( Biemans et al. , 2008 ) . The municipality of these heathlands uses waste merchandises from these heathlands to bring forth biofuels in order to protect and conserve the heathland ecosystem from turning into a wood ( Biemans et al. , 2008 ) . The heathland ecosystem and its species profusion are sustained by guaranting care of unfastened infinite, as the heathland ecosystem might be taken over by forest if trees were non cut and cleared and used for the processing and coevals of biofuel. Not droping and cutting the trees might do a negative impact on biodiversity as rare species found in the heathland might free their home ground and the necessary ecosystem services needed for their endurances. Similarly, cutting the trees around the heathland ecosystem helps in the natural regeneration of the trees which provides chances for the safety of animate beings and workss. Normally, forestry waste is non removed in some ecosystem to conserve specific species and the ecosystem, but in these sites the Son Heathland and the New Heathland, it is removed for the production of biofuel, which helps to heighten and conserve the heathland ecosystem thereby impacting biodiversity both negatively and positively. 4. Decision The potency for biofuel to function as an energy security to protect and replace dodo fuel due to uninterrupted depletion of the dodo fuel minerals resource and besides its possible to extenuate green house gasses is great. But if sustainable direction ( e.g. for land usage and feedstock picks ) , policies and criterions are non set and implemented for the production of biofuels or bioenergy, the unsustainable practise in the production will do serious negative impact on biodiversity by destructing assorted ecosystem and home grounds. Besides societal impacts can non be ignored every bit good, as biofuel production might and will vie with nutrient harvests production in future, if attention is non taken to sustainable balance its production and will thereby impact the multitudes.

Liability and Risk Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Liability and Risk Management - Essay Example I am the Account Manager for Best Western Hotels and work for a worldwide insurance broker, Aon Reed Stenhouse. It is possible Best Western may employ a staff Risk Manager, but it is more likely this function is performed by an insurance broker since only some of the very largest corporations have an in house Risk Manager. Regardless of whether done by staff or an outside agency, the functions are very similar. At this point, a distinction must be made an insurance agent and an insurance broker. An agent serves only 1 or a very few insurance companies and is paid a commission by them for a business referral. In contrast, a broker has access to the entire insurance market and therefore place coverage with any insurer or group of them in the case of subscription policies for physical damage on behalf of a client such as Best Western. Because their remuneration is derived from their client rather than insurer(s) they are usually more attuned to their customers’ needs than an agen t is. While brokers do place insurance coverage their function is much broader than that. Especially if Best Western does not have a staff Risk Manager, the brokers’ function is to supervise the hotels’ static risk management. For example, as Account Manager for Best Western, I would be responsible for liaising with them to ascertain the risks they face and advising them on the most efficient ways of dealing with each one whether by insurance, transfer to subcontractors, reduction through preventative safety measures, retention, or avoidance.   To assist me, I would have a site inspector make at least annual inspections to identify and decide how to minimize perceived hazards. I would probably also have the services of a Claims Manager who would monitor Best Westerns’ claims and if they felt an insurers’ position was wrong, go to bat for the hotel, or conversely if they agreed with the insurer try to convince the hotel their decision was right and in ac cordance with policy terms. In a nutshell my role would be to assist and advise Best Western in all maters related to static risk management. Risk Identification Although there may be slight variations in the risks associated with individual properties due to such variables as differing amenities provided or specific locations, most static risks are common to all. They include the physical risks of damage to the property itself such as by fire, smoke, earthquake ( especially in California), flood, water damage due to leakage from plumbing and fire

Green management Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 10000 words

Green management - Dissertation Example However, environmental education needs to start with children. With the motivation to evaluate how schools discharge their responsibility towards the environment as well as towards the future citizens, this study was undertaken. The study aims and objectives were stated and after extensive literature review on the subject, data was gathered through a qualitative case study approach. This study is based on a particular boarding school in London. Both primary and secondary data were gathered through multiple sources for the purpose of the study. The study finds a strong positive link between green initiatives and economic performance. However, corporations should not expect immediate short-term gains. In the short-term some gains may be achieved but sustainable gains can be achieved only in the long-term. Most companies that have adopted ‘green marketing’ as a strategy, into their overall corporate and business strategy, have registered enhanced performance. This should be based on an efficient internal and external assessment. Consumer consciousness has also prompted companies to adopt green marketing, as customer satisfaction is critical to survival. Compelled by government regulations corporations have been taking different initiatives such as efficient packaging, reuse and recycling of packaging materials, better waste management, efficient lighting, use of renewable energy sources, and viewing compliance as an opportunity. The study however finds that in the school under study environmental education and environmental management system is extremely poor. No standards are maintained and no regulations are imposed. Investments are poor as the management is unaware of the benefits that it can achieve through environmental management system. The school has undertaken some initiatives but due to lack of training and education of the teaching and non-teaching staff, as well as students, these investments have not reaped any benefits. Schools stand to gain competitive and comparative advantage through environmental education and environmental management system. However, the authorities and the school management have now become conscious and are willing to invest in green technology. The study has highlighted the savings that can be expected just by switching over to low-power bulbs and following a discipline of switching off lights, bulbs, heaters and shutting windows. The study concludes by recommending a strategy for environmental management system that can be implemented at schools. Acknowledgments I will write this one Chapter 1 1 Introduction This chapter begins by introducing the subject green management and highlights the importance of ‘green management’ through statistics and data from different sources. An overview of the subject helps to develop the study outline and evaluate which factors need to be given importance. 1.1 Background Climate change and global warming are evident from the rising annual temper atures, extreme weather changes, heat waves and from the melting ice cap and glaciers. Global warming has influenced business strategies as they try to reduce green house gas emissions, through efficient operations or through energy conservation techniques. Referring to companies such as GE, Wal-Mart and Dupont, Gunther (2006) states that smart companies know which way the wind is blowing and they use the climate change as an opportunity; they try to introduce innovation and creativity with the help of advanced

Information Sensitivity and Protection of Data (SLP) Essay

Information Sensitivity and Protection of Data (SLP) - Essay Example Moreover, constant review of data and information security conducted by the company is also an important part of the Information Security Policies of OSF ([1] OSF Healthcare, 2013). Hence, it can be stated that the Information Security Policies of OSF Healthcare is quite well developed being in alignment with the strategic goals of the organization. Information Security Policies and Measures of OSF Healthcare OSF has implemented certain crucial measures with regard to ensure confidentiality, availability and reliability of data and information related to operational activities of the organization. For instance, OSF has taken the initiative to maintain secrecy of the personal information of the patients they serve in front of any unauthorized party. Furthermore, the company also ensures optimum security in its computer database as well as memory storages of other communication networks, in order to protect all the confidential information related to the operations of the organization and the people they serve. The organization is further tied up with well known and leading data warehousing services providers, i.e. Enterprise Data Warehouse (EDW), that is entitled to look after each and every aspect of data and information storage related operations of the organization. ... ross-Community Access (XCS) system that enables it to ensure availability of the data related to patients throughout its various other branches with utmost convenience and security. Hence, it can be stated that this measures or approaches of the company strengthen information security and sensitivity altogether by facilitating data disbursement and simultaneously, preserving information security (Informatics Corporation of America, 2013; OSF Healthcare, n.d.). The ways through which OSF could protect from the loss of its data and steps to make sure that data remains accessible in the event of a catastrophe Protection of Data Lost Losing any important information or data from the data base and other data storage system might significantly impact the operations of OSF, hindering its strategic goal to suffice the medical needs of the patients within due time and involving minimum costs. To mitigate such situations, OSF has adopted many strategies, as described above. Apart from those, t he organization could adopt certain measures that might deliver effective and noteworthy results regarding the concerned issue. For instance, EDW, which is responsible for managing all the data recorded by OSF, should ensure multiple powers and battery back-ups, which are accounted to be the most common causes of data loss. Regular data backups is also another basic and effective measure that EDW could implement in order to mitigate data loss from system failures or other incidents (Knox, McNitt & Westman, 2013). Steps To Ensure Security of Data and Information from Catastrophic Event Data and information of any organization remains in constant threat from various external and internal agents, like unauthorized access and other distortions when transmitting information. However, the threat

Hawker Centres in Singapore

Hawker Centres in Singapore This paper examines how the success of the hawker centers in Singapore has to do with several factors that we can acknowledge as well in Colombia, even though the two countries are so diverse in cultural aspects. The Hawker Centers have been part of the Singaporean culture since 1950, making them a deeply rooted tradition; that must be adapted in order to fit into the Colombian complex and diverse culture. Here we intend to show how the concept can be implemented in Colombia in a successful way that allows us all to identify ourselves with our roots and matching points as Colombians. INTRODUCTION Hawkers Centers are open-air complexes with many stalls that sell a wide variety of inexpensive food, resembling a food mall. These centers are the most popular and an emblematic place to eat in Singapore; and since the population of the country is so diverse, the food offered includes all the cultures (Chinese, Malay and Indian). People generally go to these places to find something they like and to enjoy the multicultural pluralism of this country, in a context where cultural differences are converted into cultural match points. The Hawkers Centers are considered the CULTURAL METAPHOR of Singapore. According to Martin Gannon, in these places one can find 5 characteristics that described the culture, those being: Ethnic diversity but unity, Efficiency, the power of women, and, Safety and  Synthesizing traditional and new values. Colombia is a multicultural society, and is subdivided in what we can call micro-nations, the most of them are located in the natural geographical regions, The Caribbean Lowlands which culture is the result of a mixture between indigenous and Africans, the Pacific Lowlands where the roots of African culture are exposed, the Andean Highlands where people reflects the strong influence of their Europeans ancestors, and finally the Orinoco savanna and the Amazon rainforest two regions evidencing the pre-Columbian identity of this salad Bowl called Colombia. Mil Sabores, una Identidad Hawker center will be a place where the 5 geographical and cultural regions of Colombia will be represented, and Colombians coming from all around the country will find in food the way to make the cultural differences a reason for unity instead of conflict. COLOMBIAN CULTURE We consider that Colombia is a Salad Bowl, composed by different subcultures which are difficult to classify, Estanislado Zuleta says that Colombia is divided in 3 main groups of people, the coastal, the caribeans, and the people from the high plateaus (altiplanos).bajucol-colombia The multicultural and multiethnic character of Colombia is explained by its history, the Caucasians and the Africans races were brought by the conquest, and these new races get mixed with the indigenous, given birth to new ethnic groups, making possible that today Colombia counting on a population of approximately 44 Million with have an ethnic composition of 58 percent mestizos, 20 percent Europeans, 14 percent mulattos, and the remaining of African descent and mixed African-Amerindian. The geographical regions of Colombia are another way in which we can classify the cultural differences. Due to the difficult topographical situation of the country there is a geographical isolation, each region has developed unique and diverse characteristics, making even more difficult to describe Colombia as one culture. The complex cultural diversity of Colombia is reflected by the different traditions, values, believes but also by the diversity of the gastronomy, the aesthetics such as the music, architecture, painting, dancing, theater and many others. The Andean region for example is cultures where there are strong remains of the European ancestors, people on this region have a strong character and are usually hardworking and big entrepreneurs. inside the region there are also differences and we can divide the cultural groups in the Paisas from Antioquia and from the coffee Region, the Santandereanos from Santander and Norte de Santander, a part of the Vallunos from Valle del Cauca and Cauca, the Tolimenses , the cundiboyacenses from the interior part of the country, the Pastusos form Narià ±o and finally the Rolos from Bogota. The Caribbean Lowlands is the product of a mixture between Indigenous and Africans, in this region you can find tropical and outstanding way of life, the region located in the north of Colombia is composed by the Costeà ±os from the Atlantic coast and the savannas of the north, the Guajiros are also part of this region and are in their majority from the Guayu indigenous group. Then is in Pacific lowlands where we find the strongest roots of the Africans, the region of the Afro-Colombians is characterized by its flavors, colors and ancestral rituals that even other Colombians are not familiar with. This particular region ins composed by the chocuanos from Chocà ³ and the afro-Colombians from Narià ±o. The Orinoco savanna located in the east part of the country is also a different world like every region in Colombia. The terrific landscapes of an eternal green that get mixed with the sky in horizon, and the virgin jungles are the homeland of the llaneros and of many Indigenous tribes that are protected by the forest as their natural barrier. Finally the Amazon rainforest is the natural guardian of the most traditional and ancestral values and beliefs of the pre-Columbian tribes, this region whose population is mainly indigenous is an amazing place, that can be described in only one word DIVERSITY. The most of Colombians are not familiar with this region, maybe because due to our high uncertainty avoidance, our aversion to risk and to what is different, we dont even dare to cross this forest rich in bio- and cultural-diversity. Colombians are so different, regionalist and in a way ethnocentric, we are aware of our differences and the majority is deeply identified with their regional culture and defend it from the others influence; we are a kind of a salad bowl where people is together but never melted. But despite all those differences there are some things that we love about this multiculturalism, things that constitutes the match point of our cultures, making possible that we all feel and enjoy being Colombians, those things are Food, Music and art. Hofstedes analysis The analysis for Colombia is very similar to other Latin American countries; where societies are slow to accept changes, are risk-adverse and have a high concern for rules. This can be because in Colombia the population is mainly catholic, which promotes the idea that there is an absolute truth. According to the analysis that Hofstede made, Colombia has one of the highest rankings in Masculinity, what this means is that there is high degree of gender inequality, and that men are the dominant within the society. Colombia has high uncertainty avoidance, which explains the low level of tolerance for the unknown and the foreigners; this also explains the need for rules and laws. Collectivism is very important for our culture, the family is very influential on each individual, and loyalty is required in order to maintain the harmony. Finally the high power distance shows the huge inequality of power and wealth in the society, which explains the high level of poverty. SINGAPORE CULTURE Singapore is a City State with a population of 4,5 millions, the territory is divided in 65 islands. Singapore has become the way to get into the Asian countries and the place where most of the companies want to have their headquarters because of Singapores economic and political security. This high quality of life is thanks Thomas Stanford Raffles, the founder of Singapore and who created the port that nowadays is between the first by volume and the second by containers busiest port of the world and also created a neighborhood for each ethnic group where each region could be governed by itself. Then lee Kwan Yew, the father of the modern Singapore has implemented a system that implemented the western democratic values but always maintaining the Asian identity. In Singapore people live in harmony, they are usually well educated and really smart. Although there are from different neighborhoods, languages and cultures, the interaction among them is really common, Chinese can marry Indians, in a Hindu temple located in Chinatown, is like a salad bowl of Malays, Indians, Chinese and Europeans. Singapore is a pluralistic place, where they interact between each other, but dont create just one culture, they are Chinese Singaporean, Indian Singaporean, Malays Singaporean, etc., they dont change their roots, although the bulk of Singaporeans do think of themselves as Singaporeans, regardless of race or culture. Each still bears its own unique character  [1]  .worldmap-singapore Each ethnic group has its own religion and its own festivals, but anyone can attend. The tolerance is really important and there is not discrimination toward people from another religion. For example the Chinese are predominantly followers of Buddhism, Taoism, Shenism, Christians, Catholics and some considered as free-thinkers (Those who do not belong to any religion). Malays have the Muslims and Indians are Hindus. There is a sizeable  number of Muslims and Sikhs in the Indian population  [2]  . Singapore has four official languages: Mandarin (comes from china), Malay (comes from Malaysia), Tamil (comes from Indian) and English (comes from Europe). The last one is the most used for communication and business, the others are talk only in their homes in order to keep the roots and traditions of their home culture. In Singapore almost everyone speak more than 2 languages. They have a dialect called Singlish is like a symbol for many Singaporeans and its an influence of Malay and Chinese that have change some words in the informal English language. Whatever the race or religion, the countrys communities unite as one nation, where most religious or racial gaps are being bridged  [3]  . The Hawker centers are considered by Martin Gannon the cultural metaphor of Singapore. There are five features of the hawkers that let us to identify the culture in Singapore. First, Ethnic Diversity but Unity, as we already said, Singapore is composed by three ethnic groups, so Chinese , Indian and Malays live in harmony and are treated as Singaporeans provided with the same rights and Obligations. In the hawker centers the different ethnic groups are represented, each one has a number of stalls depending on their percentage on the total population. The unity between the different cultures in Singapore is highly explained by the five principles imposed by Lee Kwan Yew: Nation before community and society before the self. Family as the basic unit of society Community support and respect for the individual Consensus, not conflict Racial and religious harmony  [4]   Second, Efficiency, in hawker centers there is an unspoken rule, servers and customers must be quick and efficient. Efficiency in Singapore is evident in communication in which people usually prefer quick aswers, and also in the cutting-edge technology present in the different aspects of daily life. Third, the Power of Women is an evident factor in the centers; the number of men and women working in the center is the same and are treated in the same way. Women also play important roles in business, and there are a lot of policies promoting equal opportunities in the workplace. Fourth, the safety is one of the most important aspects of the social system in Singapore, there are rules and regulations governing the simplest aspects of the peoples life, these regulations are also strict regarding the Hawker Centers. Fifth and finally, synthesizing traditional and new values, Singapore is trying to maintain their traditional Asian values while implementing efficiency and practicality. The hawker centers represent this because they offer traditional food, but also western food. HOFSTEDES ANALYSIS According to Hofstede Singapore is a country with a high power distance, where the even if poor people is not so poor, there is a big gap between the rich and the poor. There is also a high power on the leaders, and population is forced to obey the law. The individualism is very low, due to the Confucian values there is a tendency to collectivism, the country cares a lot about family values and cooperativism. The country has male values such as people being worth for themselves and every person should take after themselves, but regarding the role of women, there is an equality of gender and they have an important role in society. Finally, uncertainty avoidance is low, due to the multiculturalism, people is no afraid of what is different. But if we take into account the extreme regulations it should be a little bit higher. SIMILARITIES Colombia and Singapore are as different as a western and an Asian country can be. But even if those differences are so marked culturally speaking, we find some similar situations or conditions in which the two countries have simililarities. First taking the Hofstede dimensions of both countries as reference, it can be seen that three out of the dimensions evaluated are quiet similar, Colombia and Singapore present a high level of Power distance, in both countries the gap between rich and poor people is so big, it has be taken into account that the dimensions and the concept of the richness or the poorness is different in both countries. Individualism is very similar too, the collectivism characteristic of the Asian countries is also present on the Colombian culture. Masculinity is also high, evidencing two goal oriented cultures, were success is synonymous of recognition, but in terms of the role of women in society we can say that even if Colombia is one of the countries of lain America with more women participating in high rank positions, Singapore has advanced more regarding the equality of genders. Finally the difference in the uncertainty avoidance is evident, while in Singapore there is not aversion to new, unknow n or different things, Colombians are pretty scared of change; but in terms of norms we can say that both countries have a huge amount of rules and regulations that evince a high uncertainty avoidance. Then when we talk about similar conditions, we are referring to the multiculturalism. With similar conditions, we mean, respecting the proportions, that in both countries there is a lot of people from different cultural backgrounds living within one state that is trying to build one cultural identity respecting differences and enforcing thins in common. IMPLEMENTATION Business idea We have chosen to bring and to adapt the concept of the HAWKER CENTERS of Singapore, into our country. (Bogotà ¡) The Hawker center is going to be called MIL SABORES, UNA IDENTIDAD. It is going to be located in the North of Bogotà ¡, and it is going to be more fashionable and delightful than the ones in Singapore; this is due to the fact that people in Bogota believe in status, in differentiation and they are willing to pay the price if you are offering something containing this characteristics. The idea is to create a place with different food stalls according to the five Colombian regions which are: The Caribbean Lowlands, Pacific Lowlands, Andean Highlands, Orinoco savanna and the Amazon rainforest. Bogotà ¡ is the capital of Colombia, this makes it the city in which the best universities, jobs and opportunities are found; for this same reason people from all over the country goes there to achieve their goals, and prepare for the future. We can consider Bogota as a the Singapore of Colombia, where people from different cultural backgrounds live an interact with each other in a pluralistic environment. According to the quantity of people from each region living in the capital, a proportionate number of stalls will be installed. And besides this, a small number of stalls will be dedicated to International food, such as Arab, Chinese and Italian. The idea is to offer our customers dishes from their regions but also to offer them dishes that otherwise they wouldnt find so easily. So the experience of going to MIL SABORES, UNA IDENTIDAD is planned to be like a trip trough Colombia, where the costumer can interact with people from different regions and get to know their gastronomy and their culture. The place is going to be decorated with the most typical objects of each region and music from our artist will be played. REASONS FOR POTENTIAL SUCCESS We believe that this project, if implemented, would have success because although we have high uncertainty avoidance (according to Hofstedes) .We do enjoy to try and to get to know different aspects of other cultures. We can say that we are selective in our integration, and that is why we love to go in vacations to the coast and eat excessively, because we enjoy their food, that is very hard to find when being in the interior. Since we are offering the experience of feeling in a trip through out Colombia, some of the difficulties that Colombia has as a state are creating opportunities for our business to thrive. For example: The hard mobilization through our country. The dangers of making a road trip. The difficult economic situation. The unsanitary conditions of the food in some places. The long distances and the poor infrastructure. DIFFERENCIATION Our main concern is for people to believe that MIL SABORES, UNA IDENTIDAD is just like any regular food mall, but as soon as the customer enters in the building it will discover that this innovative project, is nothing like a regular food mall it is an experience for all your senses that you cant find elsewhere in Colombia. The mix of music, food and entertainment will allow the customer to feel in different places at the same time and to experience the richness of our folklore. TURISTIC ATTRACTION As international negotiators we appreciate the foreigners that decide to visit our country and that are interested in getting to know us. Because of this, we have decided to integrate everything that represents us in one single place. Coffee is one of the things that we are known for, so it is clear that we are going to take advantage of this, and build a coffee stall, with a variety of products that contain coffee, such as: caramel, candies, drinks. Etc. Finally we believe that a souvenir store is also required for foreigners, where they can find hand-made stuff from our natives and artisans, such as hammocks, jewelry, musical instruments, clothes etc. CONCLUSIONS We have concluded that with the correct adaptation, the concept of Hawker Centers could have success in Colombia. The implementation is based on the different regions, making this an inclusive project, taking advantage of the contrasting influences that have gathered in the country. The experience in MIL SABORES, UNA IDENTIDAD is going to be like a trip into the different Cities, where all the family can enjoy dishes of the diverse cultures, creating them a sense of awareness for the other. Finally this project is going to awake the sense of a national identity and the patriotism of the people for their country by focusing in how our differences can bring us together instead on breaking us apart.

jane pittman :: essays research papers

Jane Pittman was born into slavery on a plantation in Louisiana. In the past, Jane’s slave name was â€Å"Ticey.† Jane grew up without parents because her mother died when she was still young and she knew little about her father. As a preteen, Jane worked in a large house, caring for white children. On a scorching day near the end of the war, exhausted confederate soldiers paid a visit, followed soon after by Union soldiers. As Jane was serving the soldiers water, a Union soldier, Corporal Brown, told Jane that she will soon be free and can then visit him in Ohio. He tells her to change her slave name to â€Å"Jane.† The changing of her name symbolized a changing of lifestyle; no longer would she be recognized as a slave, but as an actual human-being with an identity of her own. The owner of the slaves on the plantation freed them all, including Jane. Jane and the freed slaves left the plantation. They’re destination was undecided, but a woman named Big L aura lead the group. Jane thought about going to Ohio to find Corporal Brown. While sleeping in a farm house, the Ku Klux Klan barged in and killed everyone, except for Jane and a young boy named Ned. Ned happened to be the son of Big Laura. Jane and Ned continued on their own, heading towards Ohio. They met a few people on their trip who had some sympathy for blacks. They always told Jane that Ohio was too far, and that she should go back to the plantation. Jane and Ned became exhausted from their long journey. One day, a white man named Job gave Jane and Ned a lift and allowed them to rest at his house, even though his wife disagreed with how her husband treated blacks hospitably. The next day, he took them to a plantation managed by Mr. Bone. Mr. Bone offered Jane a job, but believed her to be incapable of handling the work; however, Jane convinces Mr. Bone that she is capable of handling the work and he agrees to pay her six dollars a month, minus the fifty cents that went toward Ned's education. Later, the original owner of the plantation, Colonel Dye, buys back the plantation with the money he borrowed from the Yankees. Many black people began fleeing the south when they saw that their conditions were worsening.

Influence of Christianity and Islam on Medieval Europe

CHIJIOKE MADUEWESI ID:9315 CHRISTIANITY In medieval Europe, major impacts from the fall of the roman empire still exists today. One of these religion is Christianity, which has made a staunch effect on medieval Europe. Christianity has been a major practice in Europe since the first century. It accounted for more than 76. 2% of the Europeans. Christianity introduced catholic churches in medieval Europe. These churches laid down meaningful influences, which has and is still aiding European countries till date.These churches in medieval Europe somewhat lectured people, that their souls were conceived in sin, and also, these sinful souls could be saved if only they repented. This applied evenly to everyone with no exception, including the kings and queens. These churches taught the European to be charitable, a good example can be seen in the â€Å"Story of lady Godiva†, where she was honored by the population for her charity. The church also started schools in the west, a perfect example is the kings school in Canterbury, that is still operating today despite its Age (founded in 596).The church, also Supplied hospitals for the sick, lame and injured to be catered for. These group of people, had their needs attended to by the nuns and monks of the church. Again, the church made available sanctuary for the oppressed and fugitives. ISLAM Islam, a religion with a strong pursuit for excellence wherever it finds its self. They served â€Å"Allah†, they took prayers very serious, praying five times daily, showing their zeal for righteousness and respect to â€Å"Allah†. Islam significantly were effective in different areas in the early ages of medieval Europe .They gave major influences in various aspect of Europe, as in, Art, architecture, technology, language and many others. First, many words used in Europe were derived from islam. These words are based in major sciences such as mathematics, medicine, physics etc. Some of these words include; Algo rithm derived from â€Å"Al-khwarizmis†, Algebra from â€Å"Al-jabr† etc . These words are still viable today, helping the mathematicians formulate equations in Europe. Furthermore, Arabic schools were created in Europe, in order to support the muslims in Europe to read and write in Arabic.It also functioned to teach its language to people who are willing to transform to a different religion. Several Arabic books, written by great Islamic authors, aided major developments in medicine and physics. Avicenna, a renowned muslim author, famous for his book by the name â€Å"The canon of medicine† which influenced European Medicine and is still a standard medical text book in Europe. In this book, he brought up the idea of infectious/contagious diseases, that spread easily from person to person through air-borne. This has helped doctors today to completely eradicate or vaccinate specific carriers in Europe.Also, Muhammad ibu Zakariye Razi, famous for writing books (en cyclopedias), realeased his book by name â€Å"The comprehensive Book of Medicine†, which has carefully explained the distinctions between certain diseases such as measles from chicken pox, thereby, enabling the doctors to vividly discover the symptoms that cause them, also, prevents these doctors from mixing both. In physics, another popular author, Alhazer, wrote the â€Å"Book of Optics† (Ibu al-ttaytham) it was highly notable for its development and influence on the theory of vision and light, which has made major changes in the optic world of physics in medieval Europe.In medieval Europe, Islamic arts were highly rated and decorative, thus, its high importation into Europe. Its designs featured man hunting and carvings, which indicate ancient renaissance art, which has been greatly acknowledged in Europe. However, it is fascinating to know that, home materials such as carpets and flower vase were introduced to Europe by islam. These carpets indicated wealth in Eur ope. They are still traded today, mainly by the aristocrats. Moreover, medieval Europe adopted their ideas of technology from the Islamic world.These technologies include, astronomical devices, developed and refined by the Islamic world, which Europe admired and obtained. Other examples include; gearing in water clocks and crops. ROME Rome, one of the greatest empires known, respected for its violence, army and rule. They influenced the medieval. They brought about the advent of advanced weaponry in Europe. Most of the European weapons were collected from the world of rome and transformed into mass destruction devices. The Europeans took advantage of this, and used them in wars.Today, Europe still has a standard class of weapons, used for protection in battles. Moreover, Roman civilization had an effect on the culture, language, architecture and the European government. In terms of language, the Romans spoke latin and latin is popularly spoken in Europe. They were also a major influ ence of classical architecture. In terms of religion, Constantine the great made Christianity a popular religion by restricting the killing of Christians. Now, Christianity is a major aspect in Europe.Many of the cities presently in Europe were founded by the romans and also water system works such as plumbing was introduced by the romans in Europe. Many artistic works were gotten from rome, also, symbols and logos such as; eagle wings, coat of arms normally on flags were gotten from Rome which European flags still bear nowadays. Finally, European parents now name their children with latin names such as; Paulus, Julius, maria and Julia etc. This was a major contribution from in European countries today.

buy custom Curriculum Guides on Writing, Spelling, Reading and Mathematics essay

buy custom Curriculum Guides on Writing, Spelling, Reading and Mathematics essay A curriculum guide is a plan on what subjects will be taught, how they will be taught and by whom they will be taught. It may be general or specific and is a determinant on what ways materials are taught to diverse groups of students (Tannehill Lund, 2010). In most cases, public schools setup curriculum guides for every individual subject and the guides are used as a trajectory of the expected standards of performance in the school. That is, the performance levels that are expected of students. The guides may specify the core concepts that must be taught within a given time limit and provide recommendations on the teaching method s that will appeal to a given group of students. Curriculum guides should embrace objectivity and proper goals if academic excellence is to be achieved (Glass Strickland, 2009). They should consider the students educational and social needs based on the age group. In addition, they should be based on content standards, thinking skills and mind habits as well as promote collaborative teaching, learning and assessment opportunities that enable all students to achieve high standards. This paper develops curriculum guides for reading, writing, spelling and mathematics in a way that promotes learning in the classroom situation. In the context of curriculum guide development, the teacher has the responsibility of teaching and following up on the pupils through mentorship sessions so that specific student needs are taken care of (Mattison, OShea Rowe, 2002). The teacher also has the responsibility of building students based on individual student assets. Assessment is done on a continuous basis to find out how much is being learnt. Apart from periodical assessments of written and oral tests, the teacher will provide end of lesson assignments which the students must do and submit results within a given timeline. There will also be end of year exams which will examine students strengths and weaknesses (Malloy, 2006). Curriculum Guide on Reading, Spelling and Writing for Grade One Pupils Objective: At the end of the learning year, the pupils are expected to be in a position to write a large proportion of correctly spelt high frequency words. In addition, the pupil should be able to write text that is readable by others regardless of the spelling of words. There should also be phonetic representation in the text. The pupil should also be able to draw a range of resources for deciding on how to spell unfamiliar words such as matching familiar words and word parts. The pupil should automatically and correctly spell words that are used commonly. Presentation of what is to be learnt within the clarified periods Class: Grade one period activity One week Letter formation of single letters Three days Students use magnetic letters to build words Three days Students sort words in a pocket chart Two days Writing and checking of spellings Two days Friends check on what others have done Four days Spelling Two days syllables Three days Name building To days Matching of names and pictures Three days Sorting names by categories Two days Sorting names by gender Two days Sorting names on a chart Two days Identifying consonants Four days Sorting names by how they end Three days Sorting of names that have double consonants One week Introduction to vowels Two weeks Syllables and their separation by line Ten days Naming of objects One week Sorting of attributes Two weeks Writing of words Two and a half weeks Word building One week Making of syllable breaks Curriculum Guide for Mathematics This guide provides direction on what a grade one student should know at the end of the academic year of doing mathematics (Maxwell, Mendez, Goldsmith Sorenson, 2001). At the end of the teaching period, the student should be able to have basic knowledge on addition and subtraction, measurements, place value and spatial understanding of geometry. The student should also know weights in terms of what is heavy or light and build number sense. Objective: The student is expected to have all rounded information on numbers, basic algebra, basic geometry, measurement and introductory probability. Given that grade 2 students are relatively young, the curriculum will engage the children in hands on activities. They will use manipulative aspects such as identification of numerals, writing of the memorized numerals, understanding one to one correspondence, describing positional words, sequencing events, completing simple patterns and addition and subtraction among other things. Here is a diagrammatic presentation of what is expected of students in Grade 1 in Mathematics as adopted from Team (2008). Time Objectives 4 weeks Number sense: count forward and backward, connect numerals and number words represented. 5 weeks Foundations of addition and subtraction, number words and ordinals: represent real life number stories, describe addition and subtraction using manipulatives, use two or three addends 3 weeks Fluency in addition and subtraction and introduction to geometry: solve addition and/or subtraction problems using one or two digit numbers, develop an understanding of fractions by dividing objects into equal parts. 3 weeks Spatial understanding of geometry, place value, counting: describe characteristics andd properties of two and three dimensional geometric shapes, explain similarities and differences in plane and solid shapes, recognize and name environmental shapes 4 weeks Measurements and operational extensions: use the calendar to identify the day, month and year as well as the day before, the day after among other things. Collect data from the environment. Rubric of Assessment and Evaluation A rubric is a tool that is used to assess several types of assignments including written work, projects and speeches among other things (Harrison 2001, 12). Rubrics are an excellent way to grading assignments that can lead to subjective grading. Rubrics ought to be given to students before the completion of course work so that they have knowledge on how they will be assessed (Bondi Wiles, 2011). In both the above subjects: mathematics and writing, spelling and reading there will be two continuous assessment tests and one final examination. The continuous assessment test will all account to 40% of the overall grade whereas the final exam will contribute to 60% of the final grade. For mathematics, the grades will be auto summed to a hundred percent mark. In the languages (reading, writing and spelling) however, there will be both oral presentations and written tests. Oral presentation in the two continuous assessment tests will amount to a total of 15% of the total grade. Oral presentations in the examinations will also contribute to 15% of the overall grade. In essence, oral presentations contribute to 30% of the overall grade in writing, spelling and reading tests. The following is a breakdown of the distribution of grades across the subjects covered with a basis on the guidelines provided by Soven McLeod (1992). Breakdown of Distribution of Marks for Grading subject nature Contribution Overall effect Reading, writing and spelling Continuous assessment tests NB: these are grades for two continuous assessment tests Oral presentations:15% Written work: 15% 30% Final examination Oral presentation:15% Written exams: 55% 70% Mathematics Continuous assessment tests NB: these are grades for two continuous assessment tests Counting and symbols: 20% Written arithmetic: 10% 30% Final examination Counting and identification of symbols: 20% Written arithmetic:50% 70% Conclusion A curriculum should be purposeful, rigorous and related to the real world. It should focus on developing complex and critical thinking skills of individual students thereby helping them develop deeper creativity in the subjects of study. In addition, it should integrate themes, essential questions and standards into the daily work of students. It should also be class specific and coherent both in writing and implementation. Buy custom Curriculum Guides on Writing, Spelling, Reading and Mathematics essay