Friction and the Variables of Friction Using a Wooden Block Essay Example for Free

Friction and the Variables of Friction Using a Wooden Block auditionI am going to perform an essay on skirmish and the variables of clangor using a wooden regular hexahedron, a piece of string and a Newton meter. I volition quiz 3 variables weight, surface area and surface texture. severally test will be repeated 5 mea trustworthy to get a fair range of results.Friction is the force of two objects rubbing together and slowing and/or stopping each other. The amount of friction produced depends on the appearance of its surface for exampleThe surface of the sandpaper has deep slopes and the surface of the paper has to move up and down those slopes to proceed, causing friction. My first test will be done to mea legitimate the affect of weight on the amount of friction between the block and the table top.The block ill be placed on the table and the Newton meter tied to it. Then the Newton meter will be drawed until the block starts to move and as shortly as it does the amou nt of Newtons demand to cause that movement will be recorded. This will be done 5 times then averaged.To make sure it is a fair test I will use the same Newton meter and the same wooden block to avoid introducing other variables I will also use the same section of table using the same grimace of the block every time. I will be nimble of how I pull the Newton meter, the moving force should be match to the supporting surface because move it up will lessen friction and pulling it down will increase friction.I predict that as the weight on the block increases so therefore does the down force, increasing the amount of friction because it becomes much difficult for the ridges to pass over each and so a block with less/smoother ridges would find its passage a lot easier.When the test was carried out, as I predicted, when the weight on the block increased so therefore did the Newtons required to move it from a fixed position. The test was done with 2 Newton meters over 2 days. Using the same Newton meter was impossible as it broke. My results were as follows Weight of block = 2.0NWeightT1(N)T2(N)T3(N)T4(N)T5(N)Average(N)Block1.20.81111Block + 1N1.61.51.51.821.7Block + 2N1.81.82.52.42.52.2Block + 3N2.2233.23.32.7Block + 4N2.62.63.83.53.53.2Block + 5N2.83.543.53.63.5In the first experiment weight was tested and a set of results produced. In this second experiment the surface area in contact with the desk will be tested.To obtain my results I will use the following method, the block will be placed on two sheets of paper a measured distance apart with a Newton meter tied to it. The block will then be pulled and as it begins to move the amount of Newtons required to cause this will be recorded. Each test will be done 5 times then averaged.To make sure it is a fair test I will as the same Newton meter ensuring non-introduction of new variables, use the same side of the block, use the same two pieces of paper and make sure the blocks movement is parallel to the suppor ting surface.I predict that as the surface area of the block exposed to the desk increases so will the amount of Newtons required to move it because there will be much sharper ridges to pass over therefore requiring more Newtons. My results were as followsExp mm2T(n)T2(n)T3(n)T4(n)T5(n)Avg(N)11.30.50.91.11.20.70.8822.60.60.61.10.70.60.92.7233.91.21.11.11.10.91.0845.21.11.11.10.91.11.0656.51.110.90.70.60.8668.11.11.10.91.10.60.96My prediction on 1 or 2 of the results was moderate or partially correct but on the whole I fear my prediction was incorrect as it seems the surface area (exposed to the desk) does not greatly affect the amount of Newtons that is required to move it, every affect it does have is not continual and seemingly erratic.The friction experiment has now been done with 2 variables weight and surface area. I have now come to the third and final, surface texture.To test the affect of surface texture on friction, I will, nursing home the block on the surface with a Ne wton meter tied to it, the meter will then be pulled and as soon as the block shows signs of movement I will record the amount of Newtons needed. Each test will be done 5 times then averaged.To make sure it is a fair test I will unless it breaks use the same Newton meter, I will use the same block and the same side of the block every time, I will use the same join/type of substance for instance making sure the sandpaper comes from the same sheet. I will also keep the movement of the block parallel to the supporting surface.Although smoothness is hard to measure I predict that the smoother a substance is to the touch, the less friction will be produced, because the smoother a substance is to the touch the less sharp or outstanding the ridges are, therefore the less vindication they cause.KeySubstancesSilicon based carbon paper SiEmery paper BsSand paper STable top TT plastic Bag PbSubstanceT1(N)T2(N)T3(N)T4(N)T5(N)AverageSi32.52.52.52.52.6Bs21.51.51.61.61.64S221.75221.95TT110.90.90 .90.94Pb0.40.40.40.40.40.4As I predicted the smoother a substance feels to be, the less it causes resistance, as shown in the results. I followed my method very strictly any variation caused by my hand is small to negligible, and would not greatly affect the results. I have come to the conclusion that for a substance to reach minimal resistance it can achieve this being light weight, smoothly textured and have minimal contacting surface area with the opposing surface. If a substance is required to have maximum resistance it would be the opposite.I feel the experiment was performed rather well but there is room for improvement, to have maybe got fairer more accurate results I could have maybe repeated the experiment once or twice on all of them, then I would have more data to analyse giving me a better chance at accuracy. In all the three experiments instead of using the human hand to pull the Newton meter use a machine which would be less prone to inconsistency and use a table top f ree of blemishes. In the second experiment the block could have been placed on previously constructed platforms each measured to have 4 sides the same and those sides to be the measurements used content the non need of paper and a lot more accurate readings.

Advertisements That Make Women Look Bad Essay Example for Free

Advertisements That Make Women Look Bad EssaySome advertising companies do non con the problem with using women to sell their product and wanton money. In advertising today, women are still dismemberedjust parts of them presented to sell a product. Kilbourne says in the impose American obsession with breasts, uplifted derrieres, etc., women forget things like the sensation they lose when they have plastic surgery on their breasts (Kilbourne). Advertisements should make sure they do not portray women in a derogatory manner.The roles of women have dramatically changed over the generations. Women have gone from housekeepers and wives to sexual urge symbols. Placing women on advertisements in hardly any wear draws attention to the product itself, but making women seen vulnerable. Dolce and Gabanna, for example, uses and ad where there is one female wearing a strappy, black ready and some mettlesome heels. Dolce and Gabanna has her lying on her back, while a shirtless man is on top of her, as if he were pinning her down. There are also 3 shirtless men in the scene who are standing around watching. Having an advertisement, such as this one, might work to sell a product because of the impression it places on the consumer. Male viewers would presumethat the only expressive style to get a beautiful woman to be submissive is to wear products of Dolce and Gabanna. Advertisements like these make the woman in the ad provocative therefore, viewers conceive their own opinion about women in general.See moreThe Story of an Hour literary Analysis EssayThere becomes a problem when teenagers and young adults see these women on ads fiting seductive and inviting. Women and young girls alike, start to believe they must dress in this manner because that is what the models are wearing. Women also see ads, such as the one Dolce and Gabanna have published, and they look at the women in the ad that dress tantalizing and getting handsome men, that the female viewers too, th ink they must dress appealing to capture a mans attention. These advertisements are in the long run doing more damage and are corrupting our society.Advertising companies need to produce ads that make everyone look at women as beautiful, smart, and self-sufficient human beings and not a body used just to sell a product. Doing this would help society see that women can be beautiful and classy without having to be a sex symbol. It would help women get a better idea of how to be a lady. Also, the viewers of the ads would understand women are not really inferior to men, and buying a certain product does not make a person admirable. Something should be done about these advertisements. It is only putting bad ideas and morals into the consumers heads about the way they should view women. Society should appreciate women.All in all, bashing women in advertisements should be stopped and talked about by the advertising companies. Ads of this sort should not be affix all over the billboards, subways, Walters 3 televisions, and computers. Women-bashing is an ongoing problem, and it result continue to escalate if we do not open the eyes of the businesses selling the product and the viewers who add together that basing women is a sufficient way to sell a product. The ads are slowly getting out-of-control, and if we do not put our foot down now, nothing will ever be fixed, and advertising companies will continue to look for ways to make women seem less than average.Works CitedDolce and Gabbana Boutique For Men but 10 May 2010. Web. 21 Sept. 2010. http//www.kibitzhomme.com/?tag=dolce-gabbana. Kilbourne, Jean. Summary of Killing Us light 3 Welcome To Journalism Web. 1 Oct. 2010. http//hope.journ.wwu.edu/tpilgrim/j190/Stillkillussoftly3.vidsum.html.Killing Us Softly 3 Advertisings Image of Women Watch Free Documentary Online. Web. 19 Sept. 2010. http//topdocumentaryfilms.com/killing-us-softly-3/.10 Worst Woman-Bashing Ads Business Pundit. Business Pundit Your Daily pane ling of Smart Business Opinion. Web. 19 Sept. 2010. http//www.businesspundit.com/10-worst-woman-bashing-ads/.

An Analysis Of The Extended Mind Philosophy Essay

An Analysis Of The Extended Mind Philosophy Essay Minds standardized ours stop (with come on the pick out for any radically new techniques, technologies, or interventions) extend into the being (Clark, 2010, p. 81). Evaluate this direction with reference to the literature on extended lore.This essay aims to study the extended idea, with let on any need of completely adapting new techniques, technology, or interventions the souls like ours can launch into the founding (Clark, 2010). The focus of the essay will be on internal and away representation of the mind and will evaluate the statement made by Clark (2010) with reference to other literature on extended cognition.Cognitive science believes that the mind has mental representations which are similar to computer information structures and computational procedures analogous and computational algorithms. Cognitive researchers have put forward that the mind holds mental representations as rules, images, logical proposition, and concepts (Dawson 1998). According to Norman (1988, 1993) cognition is viewed as terms of knowledge in the head and knowledge in the creation.According to Clark (2010) one of the most significant current discussions in legal and moral ism is the extended mind, which refers to the concept between the mind and the environment, from the thesis of Clark and Chalmers (1998) active remoteism or Hypothesis of Extended Cognition (HEC).The extended mind commences with the inquiry of where does the mind tip and the rest of the world begin? in respond to the question Clark and Chalmers (1998) present an alternative view with Hypothesis of Extended cognition (HEC). This is to be distinguished from the much traditional externalism meaning from the writing of (Putnam, 1975 Burge, 1986). Clark is asking for people to visualize that individuals could rotate images of geometrical shapes on a computer screen, by the consumption of a uneasy implant in their heads or by using a rotate button in the world. Clark affirmed that the implant perspective is evidently cognitive thence the button perspective is as well, in spite of either if they are carried out in the head or in the world (cited in Clark 2008).For this reason, it can be argued that the mind extends into the world which was Clarks belief in technology, physical objects, chips and CD-ROMs, as external memory stores that individuals can consult as needs dictate crystalise of coupled systems (Clark and Chalmers 1998).According to Dartnall (2007) (Schegloff, 1992, cite Alterman, 2007), Clark and Chalmers (1998) admitted that the processes in the world might be seen as individual, truly mental states-experiences, desires, emotions, beliefs, and so on might be in the mind. N of all judgment of convictiontheless when it is performed in the head, it should in like manner add up as cognitive when it is carried out in the world, Dartnall (2005) affirmed that the mind leaks or loops into the world. Clark and Chalmers (1998) argued that cognitive processes extend into the world when an individual uses pen and paper to solve a problem, using language to work or to solve a problem and the use of computers. Zhang and Norman (1994) arrive at our attention to internal representations as being intrinsic to many cognitive tasks and not vertical input and stimuli to the internal mind. This means that all these researchers thesis lay down a upkeepive competition toward Clark (2010) stating that the human mind can be extended into the world.Clark and Chalmers (1998) made such airs as cognitive states being Parity argument by the things in the environment, in which they identify a number of possible objections to this argument such as the cognitive and the conscious, portability and reliability. They demonstrate dickens untrue characters to support their argument that the mind can extend into the world, using the example of Otto and Inga, who were both interested in art. Inga has a normal functionin g brain, while Otto suffers from Alzheimers disease. They hear virtually an exhibition at different times and places and they both decide to go, Otto consults his notebook, which says that the museum is on 53rd street so he went to 53rd street to the museum. Whereas Inga recalls that the museum is on 53rd street and walks to the exhibition, as a payoff of this case Clark and Chalmers (1998) stated that the notebook plays the same role for Otto that biological memory plays for eachone else. They concluded for this reason that few external objects execute this duty, and that some of our cognitive processes transcend the boundaries of skin and skull (Clark 2008). The HEC has been thoroughly criticized by Adams and Aizawa (2001) defenders of brainbound or organismbound approach to cognition.Clark and Chalmers, (1998) maintain their argument by pointing out to what extreme the mind extended, if somebody hardly ever takes relevant action without consulting their Filofax, for instance, their cognitive system will be like that of the notebook in Ottos. Nevertheless if the individual frequently acted without consulting themselves, for example if the individual sometimes answers important questions with I do not know then the information in it counts less as part of individual belief system. Also if someone is relying on the internet is likely to fail on multiple counts, unless the individual is unusually computer reliant, facile with the technology, and trusting, but information on certain files on the individual computer may qualify (cited in Clark 2008).Dartnall, (2005) who argues for internalism and its epistemological implication that an individual can execute actions mentally that someone could typically carry out in the world. These are naturally achieved on inner analogues of external substance, which means that there is a leakage in both ways such as from world to mind, from mind to world. This parity argument has epistemological inference if the individua l can make an empirical discovery in the world using a procedure, then that procedure will also lead to empirical discovery when carried out in the head. For instance if a person walks into a room and sees a partially completed jigsaw puzzle on the table, looks at the puzzle and leaves the room. The person then mentally rotates one of the pieces and discovers where it fits into the puzzle. They have discovered something new, where the piece fits in the jigsaw puzzle, but how has the person done this? Not by straightforward empirical discovery, they did not have the direct entry to the puzzle when they solved it, or if they might have remember it when they walk into the room, because they did not know where it fitted when they were in the room and Shepard Metzler, (1971) also in support of this work also is consistent with Clark (2010) statement.A number of studies have highlighted that our mind extends into the world in support of Clark and Chalmers (1998) Clark (2010) Kosslyn (200 6) Zhang and Patel (2006), (Baddeley, 1986 Smith and Jonides, 1997) (cited in Kosslyn 2006). In addition, Kosslyn argues that you are not restricted to whats in your head, but also includes things around you, including other people. Consequently, the self becomes distributed over other people who function as long term social prosthetic devices, cited in (Kosslyn 2006).Rupert (2004) developed a methodology for the hypothesis of extended cognition (HEC) which he called hypothesis of embedded cognition (HEMC), they are two divergent holds on cognitive scheme and their news report and their position in cognitive processing. HEC could more or less correspond to the viewpoint implemented by Clark (2008) those cognitive processes factually extends into the environment, while the traditional HEMC persists that cognitive organism is bound. According to the HEMC rely on cognitive processes, instead of being constituted by the external mechanism and strategy for cognition to happen without th e external cistron being a factual part of the cognitive process. Rupert (2010) opposes Clark (2010), but does not fully reject the HEC. Thus, the HEMC has further empirical support and descriptive expense than HEC (cited in Dahlback, Stjernberg, Kristansson and Skagerlund, 2010).A recent study by Dahlback et al (2010), reviews the hypothesis of the extended mind and in order for them to support Clark and Chalmers (1998), they conducted an empirical study. They developed a definition of what cognitive processes are and how to examine cognitive systems, for instance how external memory support is actually used in elderly peoples everyday life. The participants were quaternion elderly people with mild memory impairments and were diagnosed with Alzheimers disease, and some with a form of dementia. It was observe that one of the women kept the disposed plastic envelopes for the medicine she used and nip it on her kitchen table. The woman stated that the envelope is a way of reminding her that a home healthcare practitioner as visited her as she will not remember. Dahlback, et al. (2010), pointed out that the plastic envelop is part of the womans memory system from an active internal process, since an already existing material artefact is put to use to im attempt her memory, because they is no need to create a material artefact to improve the womans internal function any more. While Clark and Chalmers state that the mind can extend into the world through active externalism, that if process counts as cognitive when carried out in the head, then it could be also counted as cognitive when someone uses object as external memory via a notebook. Bs note were on the inside of her door, for her not to open the door for strangers, just like Otto, but Otto carries her own every were she goes.C uses a shopping list, because she forgets things all the time, while F has an appointment at podiatrist, which she has written and posted on her fridge, she then rewrites the note a nd the information has been combine up.Dahlback, et al. (2010), Clark and Chalmers (1998), the imagination of Otto is not as straightforward as they may think in real life. Hence external memory support in this condition is of question on how information finds its way into the external memory with participant Fs memory support functions. Dahlback et al (2010) concluded that extended mind hypothesis of Clark and Chalmers had been argued in isolation, for instance the hypothesis was not looked at in a wider theoretical framework surrounding all variety of cognition. In addition, the empirical debate has been lean be being limited to a few paradigms. Consequently, they supported Clark and Chalmers, but proposed alternative theoretical framework that operation Theory could be used to see the light some problems brought up in the debate.Activity Theory cognition is first and foremost organism centered and biologically evident in examples alternative from Clark and Chalmers, (1998). Hutchins (1995) argued that cognition is culturally and socially processed. The Activity Theory which is derived from Vygotskys (1978) cultural historical psychology, that the human mind is essentially associated to the interaction linked to the world and the human being. According to the Activity Theory, culture may not only be external which might have power over the human mind, instead is an underlying producing power that is an element of the extraordinarily manufacture of the mind. This finding is consistent with Clarks (2010) thesis, even though they have a different idea. Vygotsky (1978) is also debated Clark and Chalmers (1998) thesis, stating that the human mind is social in temperament that people are shaped by their language, how they are construed and by their culture as well, also that human beings live in a social and common world.Although they has been critics such as Adams and Aizawa (2001) claiming that there might be a crucial difference between a real extended c ognitive process where some external artifact in the world is element of an actual cognitive process and process that permit some process.They ask Clark a question why did the pencil think that 2 + 2 =4? And Clark answered because it was coupled with a mathematician.According to Adams and Aizawa (2010) in respond to Clarks answer they stated that, there were problems with Clarks extended mind hypothesis. They stated that Clark had no right explanation of the cognitive and the coupling report degenerateacy, so they made a theory prick of the cognitive, which may well prove that cognitive processes in fact are extended. Adams and Aizawa (2001) illustrated some artifact pencil and paper, in which they explain when using pen and paper and at the same time as carry out arithmetic which is rather difficult, the individual may not be able to work out the problem when using just their head and that the person needs to pass information onto the paper. They state that the paper and pen mer ely permitted a little cognitive process or else may be unattainable. While Menary (2010) feels that the mark of the cognitive is too limited.Adams and Aizawa (2010) propose an explanatory work, that cognition is constituted through underlying processes that involve non-derived content. They offer this in two ways, chemistry, and physics and by psychological laws. They stated that particular psychophysical laws, like Webers law, and psychological laws central memory formation and recall. Consequently they projected that the weight of empirical usher supports the view that, since an object is of conditional empirical fact, that there are some processes that are identifiable cognitive, which happened in the brain and cannot cross from the brain into the external world.Clark (2010) argued that Adams and Aizawas (2010) argument is not strong enough, mark of the cognition, that cognition should be noticed not by its causes, but by its effects, which means Clark is arguing for a differen t cognition science which is the coupling constitution fallacy.Nevertheless Adams and Aizawa (2010) believe that Clark cannot come understand the view they had that cognition is a fundamental processing concerning non-derived content. As a result their work did not provoke Clark to address the problem of the most widespread problems with extracranial and transcranial theories of tool use. According to them, Clark did not offer a response to the coupling constitution fallacy and he gives a hint at what he thinks distinguishes the cognitive from the non cognitive.In conclusion this essay has given an account of and the reasons for the widespread extended mind debate and the statement made by (Clark 2010, p. 18) that minds like ours can (without the need for any radically new techniques, technologies, or interventions) extend into the world. It is possible to state that external representation has shown an option to the classical thesis of Clark (2010) view of all cognition taking plac e in the head. In addition, how it can be practical to be of assistance in real-world problem solving and arrangement of tasks, hence it provides insight into the association between human internal and external worlds and the nature of the mind itself.moreover other researches such as Clark, 2003, Clark and Chalmers, 1998, Dennett, 1996, Donald, 1991, Hutchins 1995 (cited in Dartnall, 2005) state that, cognitive processes extend into the world when individuals use pen and paper to work something out or the use of a computer. These findings suggest that the statement made by Clark with reference to other literature on extended cognition has brought new areas to be looked into like the need of technologies.Finally, a number of important limitations need to be considered, first Adams and Aizawa (2010) (cited in Clark 2008) which were the ones who attempted to argue what was wrong with the extended mind hypothesis and Clark stated that they fall short to successfully undermine the argu ment for the extended mind, because it seems that everyone agreed with Clark, but also bring alternative explanations. However, Adams and Aizawa (2010) argued that Clark was not able to address their theory of the mark of the cognitive, on the other hand Clark and Chalmers attempt to tackle the pervasive coupling constitution fallacy and set out a reasonable theory of what differentiates the cognitive from the non cognitive. The statement made by Clark and Chalmers (1998) has thrown up many questions in need of further investigation with empirical evidence to support the statement.

The Factors that Lead to Instability of Commodity Price

The Factors that Lead to Instability of Commodity Price1.1 Background of the studyCommodity footing go away play the scrimping in some countries in the world. There are many calculate that do-nothing cause the unstableness of goodness terms. As we know goodness raise be classified as goods that demanded by the people. In the economic theory, if the demand higher than the supply it can cause shortage, if this is happen the economy in the countrified willing be instable. In the case of commodities, at that place are some(prenominal) technique to secure the price of commodity in secern to make received the price is stable. For example, change in exchanged rate, world political situation, swelling, global output, industrial deed and etc.1.2 Problem statementOver many years, there are many exploreers make an analysis about the fixings that guide to instability of commodity price. Most of them discover a different idea by dint of out their research about the instabi lity of commodity price. This is important to a country to know what is actually the cause of this factor. Therefore, a research must be conduct in order to know what is actually the factor that lead to instability of commodity price.1.3 Research objectivesThe research objectives of this research as followsTo determine the factor that lead to instability of commodity price.To know the relationship between the factors toward the commodity price.To identify the effect of commodity price.1.4 Scope and limitation of studyIn order to complete the research of the study, I have gathered trusted information from the internet. Few journals have been chosen to get some additional information. After that, in order to get what the objectives want of this study, secondary information have been chosen. The limitation of this study is to choose the best regularity that can conduct this research and it is voiceless to choose. There are methods can be used to know the factor that lead to instabil ity of commodity price.1.5 Significance of the problemBy doing analysis on this study, we can reduce the risk of increasing commodity price due to the economic crisis.besides, we can determine the signoificant variables that effecting the commodity price. This research also can possess advantages to government because they can control the commodity prce base on the economic condition.2.0 Literature ReviewCommodity can be defined as goods whereby it is demanded by the people. As we can see today, the price of commodity is now increasing. In my opinion, it may be due the cost of resources that is also increasing. Therefore, we can say that the price of commodity is determined wholly by the market function. Commodity goods are consists of sugar, crude oil, gold, rice and etc. When the value of commodity appends, the cost will increase as well.There are some reasons that lead to the instability of the price of commodity. Thus, I have build out few reasons from knowledgable person tha t lead to the instability of the priceof commodity. A study of Frankel Rose (2009), have shown that the price of commodity is cultivate by inflation and global output. It was found that the relationship between the commodity and both the inflation and global output is positive. In addition, the microeconomic variables also affect the commodity price. For example, inventories. Another evidence also shown that the inflation also influence the commodity price (Gospodinov Ng, 2010). After the unemployment gap and oil price being controlled, it was found that the price of 23 commodities were influenced by the inflation. Another study of Bower, Geis Winkler (2007), also shown that the inflation and exchange rate also influence the price of commodity. On the other hand, the study of Pindyck Rotemberg (1990), the macroeconomic shock influence the instability of price commodity, whereby, the industrial production and inflation will determine the future demand for commodity and will later affect the price of commodity. Thus, when the interest rate increase, the commodity price will decrease.However, the study of Bastourre, Carrera Ibarlucia (2007) have shown a different view on what affect the commodity price. This is because, in the long run the Argentina commodity price is influence by the real interest rate, real exchange rate of United States of America and the demand of raw tangibles. Other different view regarding instability of commodity price is influence by predictions of conditional variance and conditional expectations theories (Laroque, 1997). The global monetary conditions could also influenced the price of commodity whereby, in another study of Anzuin,Lombardi pagano(2010), it was found that the monetary policy shock gave impact to the instability of commodity price.In a different study of Wescott Hoffman (1999), it was found that the price of commodity as in corn and wheat were influenced by the agricultural policies, stockholding and government p ricing support. When the agricultural policy maker asked the producer to increase the price, then the commodity price need to be increased or vice versa.According to Lalonde, Zhu Demers (2003), it has shown that the world economic activity and the effective exchange rate of US dollar lead to influence the price of commodity. Thus, if the economic activity is active, it may lead to increase in commodity price. On the other hand, according to Tadesse Guttormsen (2010) the periodic price sceptre influence the instability of commodity price. When the price of threshold increase, the commodity price will increase as well.After viewing the resources, I found several factors that lead to the instability of commodity price. Those factors consist of inflation, exchange rate, interest rate, global output and more. After identifying all the factors, the theoretical theoretical account can be sketched. Thus, the method to be used can be indentified and hypotheses can be made after analyzing all the data.2.1 Theoretical frameworkInflationExchange Rate The factor that lead to instability of commodity priceInterest rateGlobal outputTheoretical framework is the part of the study including in research methodology. unremarkably the network of association can be more clear explained the entire variable in the study. If we look to the sketch above, there were independent variable on the left side and dependent variable on the right side. What is Independent and dependent variables? Independent is the variables that lend itself, and dependent vice versa. From the sketch of theoretical framework above, we can see that the independent variable consist of four, inflation, exchange rate, interest rate and global output. The dependent variable is the factor that lead to instability of commodity price.3.0 DATA METHODOLOGY3.1 IntroductionBy using the secondary data the factor that lead to instability of commodity price can be conducted. secondary winding data can be define as the d ata that already exist by the previous researcher. The data is consist of published and unpublished material such as journal, article and etc. Through the data base, the secondary data can be gained. Thus, the methods for this analysis are used to complete the objectives of the analysis.3.2 Data, population and sampling methodIn order to complete the research, the data can be collected from world bank and Bursa Malaysia. the population is data is collected for Malaysian only. It is because this research is on commodity price in Malaysia.In my opinion population is the group of people that lives together in certain area. The researcher can gain their information or data in that area in order to complete his research. For example, if the researcher want to investigate about academic dishonesty or plagiarism among the students in UiTM Sabah, he must collect the data from the population in UiTM Sabah only. On the other hand, this research is doing in Malaysia so that the data collecte d must be suitable because the data based on commodity price in Malaysia.Sampling method is divided into two which is probability sampling and non probability sampling. By using this sampling method, researcher can bowdlerise a lot of time doing research and also can cut cost.3.3 Analysis of dataTo estimate the data, the univariate modeling technique such as nave trend model, exponential smoofhing and lagragian model will be use.3.4 Hypothesis increaseThe hypothesis that can be concluded for this research is whether the dependent variable such as inflation, exchange rate, interest rate and global output will effect the instability of commodity price. The directional and the non directional hypothesis is the classification of hypothesis. The null and alternate hypothesis can either be rejected or accepted in accordance with the result from the test of the variables.3.5 SummaryBefore conducting a research, we have two element that have to be taken into good will that is the data a nd methodology. It is better to make sure the availability of data before one proceeds to do research. To gain an accurate result for a research we must use proper methods. When data is already gathered and analyzed, hypothesis can then be tested.

A Health Promotion Initiative for Smoking Cessation

A Health Promotion Initiative for Smoking CessationM either health promotion initiatives had been under bespeakn everywhere. However, the most authoritative is that such initiatives should comprise certain aspects of char toureristics based on best practice in nightspot to be described as successful. This means that the initiative must be logical with health promotion values, theories, evidence and understating of the environment (Kahan Goodstadt 2005). Although the definition of health promotion practice is broadly accepted, it is not fixed to any rigorously defined discipline, and is verbalise to be practised by individuals in diverse organizations, trained in a multiplicity of disciplines (Boutilier et al. 2000). Generally speaking, health promotion initiatives emphasize elements of empowerment, participation, multidisciplinary collaboration, capacity building, honor and sustainable development (Judd et al. 2001). The Ottawa Charter is considered to be the backbone of any health promotion practice and it is acting as the wheel that give-up the ghosts all health professionals into an ideal and best practice of health promotion related issues. In addition, the best practice is provided finished effective preparation and military rank. A working guide to help in successfully achieving the tendency is by an approach focusing on the following points identifying the issue, peeing support and forming a working group, conducting a necessarily estimate and get to knowing your conjunction, developing an action plan, encouraging participation, communicating with the public through the media, implementing channel, monitoring, evaluation and adjustments (NLHHP 2003).In this assay, I will critically review a health promotion initiative by comparing the characteristics of this initiative against the principles of best practice.The initiative example (Attention the abstract is attached at the end of the assignment).Secker-Walker, Roger H Flynn, Brian S. Solomon, Laura J. Skelly, Joan M. Dorwaldt, Anne L. Ashikaga, Takamaru (2000) component Women Quit Smoking Results of a Community Intervention Program, American Public Health Association, Inc. Volume 90(6), June 2000, pp 940-946.Smoking lends to health promotion solutionSmoking is a challenging health problem world-wide and it is considered to be the second major ca occasion of death. It is currently responsible for the death of one in ten adults (WHO 2005). It is clear that heater cessation is a priority for preventing many diseases and reducing their perfume. there is a real need to expand the implementation of strategies to reduce tobacco use such as increasing the cost of cigarettes and implementing comprehensive tobacco-useprevention and cessation programs. (CDC 2003). Consequently, promoting skunk cessation can have a great impact in reducing the burden of diseases and improving the nation health (Ezzati Lopez 2003). However, the health promotion is not just the respo nsibility of the health sector, but goes beyond healthy life styles to well universe (WHO 2005). As a result, a lot of efforts at variant levels are needed in devote to control smoking. This could be achieved well only through proper health promotion intervention. Moreover, the health promotion is defined as a set of activities designed to achieve optimal health for all by monitoring and enhancing the heath of everyone and facilitating individual control over the de terminal figureinants of health (Kahan Goodstadt 2005). The definition itself sounds a logical solution for the high smoking prevalence among women. This is because of that in order to solve such problem, the women themselves should be actively involved and the community should be empowered. In addition, the physical and social substantiative environment should be ensured in order to maintain smoking cessation. This is only ensured through a health promotion initiative.The best way to reduce the prevalence of smok ing may be to use community-wide programs because smoking behavior is determined by social context. A community approach will remain an important part of health promotion activities (Secker-Walker et al. 2002). It has been turn up that health promotion initiative will encourage smoking cessation and could prevent substantial emergences of deaths in the UK (Lewis et al. 2005).Needs assessment and its accountability for population wishesIt is crucial, first of all, to identify the issue through the need assessment. This is done by collecting the necessary information that specifies the needs that are considered as priority by the community. This provides an opportunity for the community to become involved in the mean from the beginning (Territory Health operate 2005). The health needs are defined as those states, conditions or factors in the community that, if absent, will prevent people from achieving complete physical, mental and social health (Ritchie et al. 2004). In this run into, the need assessment is not well conducted and the different needs were not well assessed. It is not mentioned in this clause whether the community profile was analyzed or not. However, the project investigators sat with topical anaesthetic people, conducted interviews with key informants and dual-lane information with them. Nevertheless, the following needs could be figured outThe decline in smoking prevalence among United States women was lagging behind that of men. This necessities the need of seek on strategies to accomplish smoking cessation among women.There is real womens needs for social support while quitting In addition, their need for assistance with coping with ostracise affect in the absence of smoking, and their concerns somewhat weight gain following quitting.Cigarette smoking is a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. The smoking is a major health problem that can cause death. Many community based programs have been conducted to reduce cardiovascular ri sk factors, including cigarette smoking. Some of these programs showed the intervention effects on smoking behavior are effective.After analyzing this article, it is distinct that the need assessment indicates that smoking reduction among women is a priority public health in United States. This is a normative need. The best practice of health promotion emphasizing the sharing of need assessment with local people in order to improve the chance of success of any intervention. In this way, the success is ensured because sharing the results of the needs assessment will raise community awareness to the highest degree the issues and possible underlying causes, stimulate discussion about ways to address the issues and get the community more involved in planning and decision-making (Territory Health go 2005). There is clear information in the article that the community members were involved in the planning and implementation of the intervention throughout the five years period. On the ot her hand, it is not mentioned clearly how they assess the felt needs (i.e. whether the community groups say what they want, or address the problems that they think are important (Territory Health Services 2005)). Nevertheless, the participatory community organization was employ to plan and provide widespread support to women smokers as they tried to shift their smoking behavior. The comparative and expressed needs were not assessed.Goals and objectives of the initiativeIt is essential after the needs assessment is over, to set up appropriate objects and objectives. The first step in critical analysis of goal and objectives is whether these had been stated clearly. The goal of this intervention was to reduce the prevalence of cigarette smoking among women aged 18 to 64 years old in Vermont and New Hampshire. This goal is specialized, measurable, achievable and includes the nature of change expected. It will be more comprehensive if it was mentioned that it was limited to five yea rs, which is the duration of the project and to specify the amount of smoking prevalence reduction in order to know but what intervention success means. However, this goal does identify the broad long term changed that was expected to be achieved in the long run (Hawe et al. 1990).The objective is not mentioned in this article. Instead they mentioned the sub-objectives. However, by analyzing the article I feel the objective should closely serve the goal. This means that achieving reduction in the smoking prevalence through a positive change in the women smoking behavior. As a result, the objective should be stated as to gain the number of serious quit attempts among women aged 18 to 64 years old in Vermont and New Hampshire by 20% for example. So the objectives will be to a fault specific, measurable, achievable, includes the nature of change expected and time limited (SACHRU 2005).The sub-objectives were clearly mentioned. These were to increase motivation and intention to quit smoking and confidence in staying quit condescension weight gain and negative affect, to increase awareness of cessation activities and to strengthen perceived norms and available support to help women quit smoking. It is kn protest that a sub-objective should carry on before the objective in the pathway and it might create a change in favour of the objective (Hawe et al. 1990). Keeping this in mind, there is a clear description task of these sub-objectives and they closely serve the objective by taking in account how to overcome womens negative feeling affect and hence create a change in the behavior. On the contrary, they were not time limited and some of them seems be difficult to be measured like increase confidence in staying quit despite weight gain and negative affect and also perceptions of norms.It is essential for any good health promotion planning to focus on underlying causes and factors that could possibly contribute or lead to the problem (Kahan Goodstadt 2005). Th erefore, development of clear and organized goal and objectives based on a critical analysis of the problem in terms of contributing and risk factors is essential (Territory Health Services 2005). It is not mentioned clearly in this article about the underlying causes of or contributing factors to smoking among women. However, specific health related behavioral and environmental factors linked to smoking were mentioned. It was stated that the smoking was most overriding among lower income class. This implicates that poverty play an important role as an underlying cause of smoking. It sound logic that one of the sub-objectives should be stated clearly to take care of improving socio-economic situation or more accurately to tackle poverty related issues. It is also mentioned that the womens concerns about weight gain following quitting act as a barrier to stop smoking. Luckily, More than one sub-objective took care of this factor.Description of the interventionA good description of t he intervention is provided in the article under specific headings. It was directed to two pairs of demographically matched counties in Vermont and New Hampshire in United States which were assessed preintervention and postintervention during the period 1989 to 1994. The project was initiated by organizing community planning groups and the program was called tip Easy. Each countys planning group formed a coalition, and each coalition formed 5 working groups. The planning process was taken up by the local planning group along with its coalition with very little input from the investigators except for the first year. Different activities were conducted during each year after the showtime of the program. In the first year, the focus was to develop support systems to help women quit smoking through individual proactive prognosticate peer support. During the second year, record showing the process of quitting smoking was produced and distributed at no cost. In the third year, povert y-stricken smoking cessation classes were organized with a focus on transaction with negative affect. Later, the health professionals were involved in the Breath Easy program. Also, workplaces initiatives included presentations to businesses and worksites and assistance with smoking policies were started. Moreover, there was involvement of media initiatives included newsprint and radio (Secker-Walker et al. 2000).The abstract frame work and underlying theories and valuesThe conceptual framework and underlying theories are not described in details in this article. It is only mentioned that they used social cognitive theory, the transtheoretical model of behavior change, diffusion of innovation theory, and communications theory. It was stated in the article that the project intervention was based on the turn out effectiveness of this type of community intervention in promoting smoking cessation among women in Smoke Free North Side study. However, as I am reading the article it becom es clearer to me how well these theories could be fit into a community based health promotion project.The five basic stages of a behavior change as identified by the transtheoretical model of behavior change are pre-contemplation, contemplation, determination or preparation, action and maintenance (Nutbeam Harris 2004). These stages could be applied to explain the change of smoking behavior among women especially ensuring maintenance through peer support. According to the social cognitive theory an individual, the environment and behavior are continuously interacting and operate each other (Nutbeam Harris 2004). This is clearly noticed in the modifications of community norms concerning women smoking. The people decision to smoke is made within a broad context and warp by the surrounding environment which shapes the health behaviors such as smoking. In addition, diffusion of innovations refers to the spread of new ideas, techniques, behaviors or products throughout a population ( Ferrence 1996) and this is exactly what had happened in this project where the message of smoking cessation was spread through mass media, videos and classes. Lastly, the communications theory is also applicable to this project.The values are important things because they affect which issues we choose to address and how we are going to address them (Kahan Goodstadt 2005). The values of community intervention and development were not mentioned in this article. After literature review, it became obvious that some of these values are respect, equity, participation and meaningful process (http//www.wrha.mb.ca/howcare/commdev/). The process of community participation allows removal of inequality barrier and ensures fair distribution of resources. Moreover, respecting of local people and their involvement in determining their own health problems resulted in a positive outcome of this project.Application of Ottawa Charter action areasThere are many social factors that affect the diseases risk factors such as smoking and thus affecting the health. This includes low levels of social support and drop of ad hominem control. These issues were well addressed in this initiative through the proper applications of Ottawa charter action areas. It is well stated that the achievement of the project objectives is through community members participation in planning and implementation. The community action is strengthened by involving local people to participate actively in order to improve their own health. The community organization is set up by forming local planning groups and from each group, the annual plans are drawn up.The supportive environment is provided through the supportive telephone communications networks which were arranged to encourage women to stop smoking. In addition, a healthy and supportive environment was ensured in workplaces, community college and high schools. Moreover, the organization of free smoking classes that focus on dealing with negative affect following quitting played an important role to maintain the quitting process.Healthy public policies were built in the community. An example is that smoking cessation policies were introduced into the workplaces. Another example was the active involvement of media which included newsprint and radio and made use of paid advertisements and thus information for quitting were available in each community. The personal skills of targeted females were developed. This was by training the female ex-smokers to provide support to current smokers to quit smoking through proactive telephone support. In addition, they were involved in the production of videos showing their own process of quitting smoking.Re-orientation of health services took place to some extent. This was by mobilizing the health workers towards focusing on smoking cessation activities rather than providing the medical care only. This was through making referrals to the telephone peer support system and they were trained in a l egal brief smoking cessation protocol. It is quit obvious that by analyzing the interventions of the project, the Ottawa charter definition of health promotion is clear. This is because the project interventions could be understood as a process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve, their health (WHO 2005).EvaluationThe evaluation process plays an essential role in ensuring the best achievement of any given program as it will affect the way in which the program will be conducted and the amount of effort needed (Ewles Simnett 1999). For the evaluation to be accepted, it should consist of process, impact and outcome evaluation. It is important to have the three parts otherwise it will be difficult to understand how the evaluation took place (Springett et al. 1995). The evaluation starts by evaluating the process including measuring the strategies, the activities and the quality of the project. Then, measuring the immediate effect of the project and this is calle d impact evaluation. At the end, it should measure the outcome or long term effect (Territory Health Services 2005).The evaluation was well planned and was well in place for this project. They used forgo frame work to integrate the boilersuit objectives of the program with the evaluation plan. This model takes into account multiple factors that determine health and quality of life and generates specific objectives and criteria for evaluation (Green Kreuter 1999). The design of the study was non-randomized with two pairs of demographically matched countries assessed peintervention and postintervension. This naturalized a relationship between the intervention and observed outcome by comparing the situation before and after the intervention. In addition, they have set specific measurable objectives for each working group to be accomplished or initiated during the following 12 months.The stages of evaluation were done as followsProcess evaluation specialised factors were set to evalu ate predisposing, reinforcing and enabling factors. These includes attitudes and beliefs towards quitting smoking, perceptions of norms and social supports, availability of smoking cessation materials and services, program recognition and media coverage. Suitable indicators were used to measure the above factors such as social support scale, measures of confidence in being able to stop smoking and confidence in being able to control weight gain after quitting smoking and measures for availability of smoking cessation resources.Impact evaluationThe impact was evaluated through a change in the smokers behavior. The indicators which were used are just daily cigarette consumption and average number of serious quit attempts.Outcome evaluationThis was evaluated by measuring the smoking prevalence among women aged 18 to 46 years old. It was found that the prevalence had declined significantly. This indicates the effectiveness of this project through achieving its main goal.Summative evalu ationIt is the last step to be done and it involves considering the project as a whole, from beginning to end (SACHRU 2005). The investigators did not evaluate all different aspects of the project. However, they mentioned about strengths, limitations, response rate and their recommendations. The strengths of the study were small size and rustic nature of these communities. On the other hand, the major limitations were nonrandomized design, the inclusion of only two counties in each condition, lack of prior measures of smoking prevalence in these counties and lack of ethnic diversity in the study population which limit the generalizability of the results. The overall sample size was 6436 with response rates of 89.9%. Their recommendations were that any future community interventions designed to effect reductions in smoking should place greater emphasis on the provision of a broad range of support for quitting smoking that is readily friendly to all smokers (Secker-Walker et al. 2000 ).ConclusionAdoption of health promotion best practice is the only way to ensure effective and successful results of any intervention. However, this practice is not an easy mission. It requires a lot of augmentive efforts. The application of Ottawa charter and the reliance on justifying theories and values is essential. Moreover, the quality of the initiative is based on effective planning and evaluation from the initial stages. The community involvement in promoting smoking cessation was ensured in this project from the initial stages. Also, the evaluation process was proceeding well with PRECEDE framework. In conclusion, this initiative was about to be an excellent example of best practice except improper statement of objective, values behind the intervention and shy(predicate) statement of needs assessment

9-1-1: An American Emergency :: September 11 Terrorism Essays

9-1-1 An American Emergency   When hijackers coordinated the take-over of four passenger planes on September 11, they sent emerge a 9-1-1. It was truly an emergency call. Emergency comes from emerge and emergence, from the Latin word for to plunge out--it means to rise from, to come out into view.   We have listened to stories of rescue and sacrifice. We have watched First Responders, the Fire and Emergency Medical teams that are first on the scene of a disaster. We have recognized so many people as the heroes they are. But its not over. There is plenty of emergency solvent work still to be done, over a commodious period of time, and this gives us all a chance to be heroes in our own way.   It was an airport security emergency and an air traffic control emergency. It was a national security emergency. It was a crisis management emergency. It was a belief and reality emergency--days later, I heard people repeating Its not real, its not real and I cant believe it. It was a shock and grief emergency, and experts say the trauma will go on for months and years. Some people are already discussing rebuilding on the site in lower Manhattan, but who will want to have an office to do business on a mass grave?   It was a political emergency, and the government mobilized. It was an intelligence emergency--why didnt we know enough to prevent it? It was a religious and spiritual emergency--how can we understand the purpose of death and destruction on this scale?   It was a patriotic emergency-- how do we respond to an Attack on America? It was a peace and justice emergency--do we have a repertoire of response that does not take the form of violent retaliation and retribution?   It was a democracy emergency--how do we preserve our principles in adversity? It was a tolerance and taste emergency--how do we keep from turning against people from other religious and cultural groups, ethnic groups and nationalities that we identify with the cri minals, the enemy?

The 1997 and 1998 Asian Economic Crisis Essay -- Business Economics Ec

The 1997 and 1998 Asian Economic CrisisThe purpose of this paper is to explore the causes of the 1997 and 1998 Asian economic crisis and to research the effects of the crisis in each of the following categories1.The effects of the crisis in the countries involved in the economic crisis of 1997-98.2.The effects on the governments affected by the crash, and3.The effects that the Asian crisis has had on the differing knowledge base markets as well as the effects that it will continue to have (if any) on the world markets in the near prox. We will also present our analysis of the causes and our predictions as to what the future will be for the countries involved. The paper will first look at the causes behind the crash. We can see that the main factors include current-account imbalances, fiscal over-lending, banking problems, extremely open economies, and a list of other factors. After we look at the causes behind the crash, we will give an analysis of how to avoid these problems in t he future and what the repercussions will be in the Asian and Global markets. And at the end of the paper will be our conclusions (including how this has helped to better prepare us in the athletic field of International Financial Management). The countries affected by the 1997 Asian crisis include the following1.Korea2.Indonesia3.Malaysia4.Philippines5.Thailand6.China7. chinaware8.Hong Kong (city-state)9.Singapore(city -state)IntroductionThe Asian economic crash of 1997 surprise more than a few people. Ever since the period after World War II, the Asian economies had been following an economic stumper developed by the Japanese. This model favored export markets, domestic investment, and lower savings vs. hi... ...alaysia2.10-3.741.39-0.11-1.59-3.750.58Philippines-5.73-3.00-4.27-8.53-8.95-8.80-9.44-12.30Singapore6.7610.629.298.1214.8715.3813.2612.55Thailand-7.75-6.88-4.70-4.56-5.18-7.09-6.650.14China2.752.861.03-1.921.391.682.104.41Taiwan 6.826.944.033.162.702.104.052.72TABLE 4.0 GDP Growth.GDP Growth1991199219931994199519961997Korea9.135.065.758.588.947.105.47Indonesia6.956.466.5015.938.227.984.65Malaysia8.487.808.359.249.468.587.81Philippines-0.580.342.124.384.775.769.66Singapore7.276.2910.4410.058.757.327.55Thailand8.188.088.388.948.845.52-.043Hong Kong4.976.216.155.513.855.035.29China 9.1914.2412.0912.6610.559.548.80Taiwan7.556.766.326.546.035.676.81All Graphs Compliments of International Financial Statistics of the IMF